perfaware/part2: Add bandwidth tracking

.gitignore

@@ -1 +1,3 @@
-*/build
+Build
+part2/*.f64
+part2/*.json

build.bat

@@ -0,0 +1,337 @@
+@echo off
+
+REM Setup ==========================================================================================
+set script_dir_backslash=%~dp0
+set script_dir=%script_dir_backslash:~0,-1%
+set build_dir=%script_dir%\Build
+
+set part1_dir=%script_dir%\part1
+set part1_build_dir=%build_dir%\part1
+if not exist %part1_build_dir% mkdir %part1_build_dir%
+
+set part2_dir=%script_dir%\part2
+set part2_build_dir=%build_dir%\part2
+if not exist %part2_build_dir% mkdir %part2_build_dir%
+goto :part2
+
+REM Part 1 =========================================================================================
+REM Build ==========================================================================================
+pushd %part1_build_dir%
+cl %part1_dir%\sim8086.c /W4 /WX /Z7 /nologo || exit /b 1
+popd
+
+REM Tests ==========================================================================================
+set listing_0037=listing_0037_single_register_mov
+set part1_build_dir_listing_0037=%part1_build_dir%\%listing_0037%
+
+copy /Y %part1_dir%\%listing_0037% %part1_build_dir% 1>NUL
+
+%part1_build_dir%\sim8086.exe %part1_build_dir_listing_0037% > %part1_build_dir_listing_0037%_disassembled.asm
+nasm %part1_build_dir_listing_0037%_disassembled.asm
+fc /B %part1_build_dir_listing_0037% %part1_build_dir_listing_0037%_disassembled || exit /b 1
+
+REM ================================================================================================
+set listing_0038=listing_0038_many_register_mov
+set part1_build_dir_listing_0038=%part1_build_dir%\%listing_0038%
+
+copy /Y %part1_dir%\%listing_0038% %part1_build_dir% 1>NUL
+
+%part1_build_dir%\sim8086.exe %part1_build_dir_listing_0038% > %part1_build_dir_listing_0038%_disassembled.asm
+nasm %part1_build_dir_listing_0038%_disassembled.asm
+fc /B %part1_build_dir_listing_0038% %part1_build_dir_listing_0038%_disassembled || exit /b 1
+
+REM ================================================================================================
+set listing_0039=listing_0039_more_movs
+set part1_build_dir_listing_0039=%part1_build_dir%\%listing_0039%
+
+copy /Y %part1_dir%\%listing_0039% %part1_build_dir% 1>NUL
+
+%part1_build_dir%\sim8086.exe %part1_build_dir_listing_0039% > %part1_build_dir_listing_0039%_disassembled.asm
+nasm %part1_build_dir_listing_0039%_disassembled.asm
+fc /B %part1_build_dir_listing_0039% %part1_build_dir_listing_0039%_disassembled || exit /b 1
+
+REM ================================================================================================
+set listing_0040=listing_0040_challenge_movs
+set part1_build_dir_listing_0040=%part1_build_dir%\%listing_0040%
+
+copy /Y %part1_dir%\%listing_0040% %part1_build_dir% 1>NUL
+
+%part1_build_dir%\sim8086.exe %part1_build_dir_listing_0040% > %part1_build_dir_listing_0040%_disassembled.asm
+nasm %part1_build_dir_listing_0040%_disassembled.asm
+fc /B %part1_build_dir_listing_0040% %part1_build_dir_listing_0040%_disassembled || exit /b 1
+
+REM ================================================================================================
+set listing_0041=listing_0041_add_sub_cmp_jnz
+set part1_build_dir_listing_0041=%part1_build_dir%\%listing_0041%
+
+copy /Y %part1_dir%\%listing_0041% %part1_build_dir% 1>NUL
+
+%part1_build_dir%\sim8086.exe %part1_build_dir_listing_0041% > %part1_build_dir_listing_0041%_disassembled.asm
+nasm %part1_build_dir_listing_0041%_disassembled.asm
+fc /B %part1_build_dir_listing_0041% %part1_build_dir_listing_0041%_disassembled || exit /b 1
+
+REM ================================================================================================
+set listing_0042=listing_0042_completionist_decode
+set part1_build_dir_listing_0042=%part1_build_dir%\%listing_0042%
+
+copy /Y %part1_dir%\%listing_0042% %part1_build_dir% 1>NUL
+
+%part1_build_dir%\sim8086.exe %part1_build_dir_listing_0042% > %part1_build_dir_listing_0042%_disassembled.asm
+nasm %part1_build_dir_listing_0042%_disassembled.asm
+fc /B %part1_build_dir_listing_0042% %part1_build_dir_listing_0042%_disassembled || exit /b 1
+
+REM ================================================================================================
+set listing_0043=listing_0043_immediate_movs
+set part1_build_dir_listing_0043=%part1_build_dir%\%listing_0043%
+
+copy /Y %part1_dir%\%listing_0043% %part1_build_dir% 1>NUL
+copy /Y %part1_dir%\%listing_0043%.txt %part1_build_dir% 1>NUL
+
+%part1_build_dir%\sim8086.exe        %part1_build_dir_listing_0043% > %part1_build_dir_listing_0043%_disassembled.asm
+%part1_build_dir%\sim8086.exe --exec %part1_build_dir_listing_0043% > %part1_build_dir_listing_0043%_disassembled.txt
+
+nasm %part1_build_dir_listing_0043%_disassembled.asm
+
+fc /B %part1_build_dir_listing_0043%     %part1_build_dir_listing_0043%_disassembled     || exit /b 1
+fc /N %part1_build_dir_listing_0043%.txt %part1_build_dir_listing_0043%_disassembled.txt || exit /b 1
+
+REM ================================================================================================
+set listing_0044=listing_0044_register_movs
+set part1_build_dir_listing_0044=%part1_build_dir%\%listing_0044%
+
+copy /Y %part1_dir%\%listing_0044% %part1_build_dir% 1>NUL
+copy /Y %part1_dir%\%listing_0044%.txt %part1_build_dir% 1>NUL
+
+%part1_build_dir%\sim8086.exe --exec %part1_build_dir_listing_0044% > %part1_build_dir_listing_0044%_disassembled.txt
+%part1_build_dir%\sim8086.exe        %part1_build_dir_listing_0044% > %part1_build_dir_listing_0044%_disassembled.asm
+
+nasm %part1_build_dir_listing_0044%_disassembled.asm
+
+fc /B %part1_build_dir_listing_0044%     %part1_build_dir_listing_0044%_disassembled     || exit /b 1
+fc /N %part1_build_dir_listing_0044%.txt %part1_build_dir_listing_0044%_disassembled.txt || exit /b 1
+
+REM ================================================================================================
+set listing_0045=listing_0045_challenge_register_movs
+set part1_build_dir_listing_0045=%part1_build_dir%\%listing_0045%
+
+copy /Y %part1_dir%\%listing_0045% %part1_build_dir% 1>NUL
+copy /Y %part1_dir%\%listing_0045%.txt %part1_build_dir% 1>NUL
+
+%part1_build_dir%\sim8086.exe --exec %part1_build_dir_listing_0045% > %part1_build_dir_listing_0045%_disassembled.txt
+%part1_build_dir%\sim8086.exe        %part1_build_dir_listing_0045% > %part1_build_dir_listing_0045%_disassembled.asm
+
+nasm %part1_build_dir_listing_0045%_disassembled.asm
+
+fc /B %part1_build_dir_listing_0045%     %part1_build_dir_listing_0045%_disassembled     || exit /b 1
+fc /N %part1_build_dir_listing_0045%.txt %part1_build_dir_listing_0045%_disassembled.txt || exit /b 1
+
+REM ================================================================================================
+set listing_0046=listing_0046_add_sub_cmp
+set part1_build_dir_listing_0046=%part1_build_dir%\%listing_0046%
+
+copy /Y %part1_dir%\%listing_0046% %part1_build_dir% 1>NUL
+copy /Y %part1_dir%\%listing_0046%.txt %part1_build_dir% 1>NUL
+
+%part1_build_dir%\sim8086.exe --exec %part1_build_dir_listing_0046% > %part1_build_dir_listing_0046%_disassembled.txt
+%part1_build_dir%\sim8086.exe        %part1_build_dir_listing_0046% > %part1_build_dir_listing_0046%_disassembled.asm
+
+nasm %part1_build_dir_listing_0046%_disassembled.asm
+
+fc /B %part1_build_dir_listing_0046%     %part1_build_dir_listing_0046%_disassembled     || exit /b 1
+fc /N %part1_build_dir_listing_0046%.txt %part1_build_dir_listing_0046%_disassembled.txt || exit /b 1
+
+REM ================================================================================================
+set listing_0047=listing_0047_challenge_flags
+set part1_build_dir_listing_0047=%part1_build_dir%\%listing_0047%
+
+copy /Y %part1_dir%\%listing_0047% %part1_build_dir% 1>NUL
+copy /Y %part1_dir%\%listing_0047%.txt %part1_build_dir% 1>NUL
+
+%part1_build_dir%\sim8086.exe --exec %part1_build_dir_listing_0047% > %part1_build_dir_listing_0047%_disassembled.txt
+%part1_build_dir%\sim8086.exe        %part1_build_dir_listing_0047% > %part1_build_dir_listing_0047%_disassembled.asm
+
+nasm %part1_build_dir_listing_0047%_disassembled.asm
+
+fc /B %part1_build_dir_listing_0047%     %part1_build_dir_listing_0047%_disassembled     || exit /b 1
+fc /N %part1_build_dir_listing_0047%.txt %part1_build_dir_listing_0047%_disassembled.txt || exit /b 1
+
+REM ================================================================================================
+set listing_0048=listing_0048_ip_register
+set part1_build_dir_listing_0048=%part1_build_dir%\%listing_0048%
+
+copy /Y %part1_dir%\%listing_0048% %part1_build_dir% 1>NUL
+copy /Y %part1_dir%\%listing_0048%.txt %part1_build_dir% 1>NUL
+
+%part1_build_dir%\sim8086.exe --exec --log-instruction-ptr %part1_build_dir_listing_0048% > %part1_build_dir_listing_0048%_disassembled.txt
+%part1_build_dir%\sim8086.exe                              %part1_build_dir_listing_0048% > %part1_build_dir_listing_0048%_disassembled.asm
+
+nasm %part1_build_dir_listing_0048%_disassembled.asm
+
+fc /B %part1_build_dir_listing_0048%     %part1_build_dir_listing_0048%_disassembled     || exit /b 1
+fc /N %part1_build_dir_listing_0048%.txt %part1_build_dir_listing_0048%_disassembled.txt || exit /b 1
+
+REM ================================================================================================
+set listing_0049=listing_0049_conditional_jumps
+set part1_build_dir_listing_0049=%part1_build_dir%\%listing_0049%
+
+copy /Y %part1_dir%\%listing_0049% %part1_build_dir% 1>NUL
+copy /Y %part1_dir%\%listing_0049%.txt %part1_build_dir% 1>NUL
+
+%part1_build_dir%\sim8086.exe --exec --log-instruction-ptr %part1_build_dir_listing_0049% > %part1_build_dir_listing_0049%_disassembled.txt
+%part1_build_dir%\sim8086.exe                              %part1_build_dir_listing_0049% > %part1_build_dir_listing_0049%_disassembled.asm
+
+nasm %part1_build_dir_listing_0049%_disassembled.asm
+
+fc /B %part1_build_dir_listing_0049%     %part1_build_dir_listing_0049%_disassembled     || exit /b 1
+fc /N %part1_build_dir_listing_0049%.txt %part1_build_dir_listing_0049%_disassembled.txt || exit /b 1
+
+REM ================================================================================================
+set listing_0050=listing_0050_challenge_jumps
+set part1_build_dir_listing_0050=%part1_build_dir%\%listing_0050%
+
+copy /Y %part1_dir%\%listing_0050% %part1_build_dir% 1>NUL
+copy /Y %part1_dir%\%listing_0050%.txt %part1_build_dir% 1>NUL
+
+%part1_build_dir%\sim8086.exe --exec --log-instruction-ptr %part1_build_dir_listing_0050% > %part1_build_dir_listing_0050%_disassembled.txt
+%part1_build_dir%\sim8086.exe                              %part1_build_dir_listing_0050% > %part1_build_dir_listing_0050%_disassembled.asm
+
+nasm %part1_build_dir_listing_0050%_disassembled.asm
+
+fc /B %part1_build_dir_listing_0050%     %part1_build_dir_listing_0050%_disassembled     || exit /b 1
+fc /N %part1_build_dir_listing_0050%.txt %part1_build_dir_listing_0050%_disassembled.txt || exit /b 1
+
+REM ================================================================================================
+set listing_0051=listing_0051_memory_mov
+set part1_build_dir_listing_0051=%part1_build_dir%\%listing_0051%
+
+copy /Y %part1_dir%\%listing_0051% %part1_build_dir% 1>NUL
+copy /Y %part1_dir%\%listing_0051%.txt %part1_build_dir% 1>NUL
+
+%part1_build_dir%\sim8086.exe --exec --log-instruction-ptr %part1_build_dir_listing_0051% > %part1_build_dir_listing_0051%_disassembled.txt
+%part1_build_dir%\sim8086.exe                              %part1_build_dir_listing_0051% > %part1_build_dir_listing_0051%_disassembled.asm
+
+nasm %part1_build_dir_listing_0051%_disassembled.asm
+
+fc /B %part1_build_dir_listing_0051%     %part1_build_dir_listing_0051%_disassembled     || exit /b 1
+fc /N %part1_build_dir_listing_0051%.txt %part1_build_dir_listing_0051%_disassembled.txt || exit /b 1
+
+REM ================================================================================================
+set listing_0052=listing_0052_memory_add_loop
+set part1_build_dir_listing_0052=%part1_build_dir%\%listing_0052%
+
+copy /Y %part1_dir%\%listing_0052% %part1_build_dir% 1>NUL
+copy /Y %part1_dir%\%listing_0052%.txt %part1_build_dir% 1>NUL
+
+%part1_build_dir%\sim8086.exe --exec --log-instruction-ptr %part1_build_dir_listing_0052% > %part1_build_dir_listing_0052%_disassembled.txt
+%part1_build_dir%\sim8086.exe                              %part1_build_dir_listing_0052% > %part1_build_dir_listing_0052%_disassembled.asm
+
+nasm %part1_build_dir_listing_0052%_disassembled.asm
+
+fc /B %part1_build_dir_listing_0052%     %part1_build_dir_listing_0052%_disassembled     || exit /b 1
+fc /N %part1_build_dir_listing_0052%.txt %part1_build_dir_listing_0052%_disassembled.txt || exit /b 1
+
+REM ================================================================================================
+set listing_0053=listing_0053_add_loop_challenge
+set part1_build_dir_listing_0053=%part1_build_dir%\%listing_0053%
+
+copy /Y %part1_dir%\%listing_0053% %part1_build_dir% 1>NUL
+copy /Y %part1_dir%\%listing_0053%.txt %part1_build_dir% 1>NUL
+
+%part1_build_dir%\sim8086.exe --exec --log-instruction-ptr %part1_build_dir_listing_0053% > %part1_build_dir_listing_0053%_disassembled.txt
+%part1_build_dir%\sim8086.exe                              %part1_build_dir_listing_0053% > %part1_build_dir_listing_0053%_disassembled.asm
+
+nasm %part1_build_dir_listing_0053%_disassembled.asm
+
+fc /B %part1_build_dir_listing_0053%     %part1_build_dir_listing_0053%_disassembled     || exit /b 1
+fc /N %part1_build_dir_listing_0053%.txt %part1_build_dir_listing_0053%_disassembled.txt || exit /b 1
+
+REM ================================================================================================
+set listing_0054=listing_0054_draw_rectangle
+set part1_build_dir_listing_0054=%part1_build_dir%\%listing_0054%
+
+copy /Y %part1_dir%\%listing_0054% %part1_build_dir% 1>NUL
+copy /Y %part1_dir%\%listing_0054%.txt %part1_build_dir% 1>NUL
+
+pushd %part1_build_dir%
+%part1_build_dir%\sim8086.exe --exec --log-instruction-ptr --dump %part1_build_dir_listing_0054% > %part1_build_dir_listing_0054%_disassembled.txt
+%part1_build_dir%\sim8086.exe                                     %part1_build_dir_listing_0054% > %part1_build_dir_listing_0054%_disassembled.asm
+popd
+
+nasm %part1_build_dir_listing_0054%_disassembled.asm
+
+fc /B %part1_build_dir_listing_0054%     %part1_build_dir_listing_0054%_disassembled     || exit /b 1
+fc /N %part1_build_dir_listing_0054%.txt %part1_build_dir_listing_0054%_disassembled.txt || exit /b 1
+
+REM ================================================================================================
+set listing_0055=listing_0055_challenge_rectangle
+set part1_build_dir_listing_0055=%part1_build_dir%\%listing_0055%
+
+copy /Y %part1_dir%\%listing_0055% %part1_build_dir% 1>NUL
+copy /Y %part1_dir%\%listing_0055%.txt %part1_build_dir% 1>NUL
+
+pushd %part1_build_dir%
+%part1_build_dir%\sim8086.exe --exec --log-instruction-ptr --dump %part1_build_dir_listing_0055% > %part1_build_dir_listing_0055%_disassembled.txt
+%part1_build_dir%\sim8086.exe                                     %part1_build_dir_listing_0055% > %part1_build_dir_listing_0055%_disassembled.asm
+popd
+
+nasm %part1_build_dir_listing_0055%_disassembled.asm
+
+fc /B %part1_build_dir_listing_0055%     %part1_build_dir_listing_0055%_disassembled     || exit /b 1
+fc /N %part1_build_dir_listing_0055%.txt %part1_build_dir_listing_0055%_disassembled.txt || exit /b 1
+
+REM ================================================================================================
+set listing_0056=listing_0056_estimating_cycles
+set part1_build_dir_listing_0056=%part1_build_dir%\%listing_0056%
+
+copy /Y %part1_dir%\%listing_0056% %part1_build_dir% 1>NUL
+copy /Y %part1_dir%\%listing_0056%.txt %part1_build_dir% 1>NUL
+
+pushd %part1_build_dir%
+%part1_build_dir%\sim8086.exe --exec --log-instruction-ptr --log-cycle-counts 8086 %part1_build_dir_listing_0056%  > %part1_build_dir_listing_0056%_disassembled.txt
+%part1_build_dir%\sim8086.exe                                                      %part1_build_dir_listing_0056%  > %part1_build_dir_listing_0056%_disassembled.asm
+%part1_build_dir%\sim8086.exe --exec --log-instruction-ptr --log-cycle-counts 8088 %part1_build_dir_listing_0056% >> %part1_build_dir_listing_0056%_disassembled.txt
+popd
+
+nasm %part1_build_dir_listing_0056%_disassembled.asm
+
+fc /B %part1_build_dir_listing_0056%     %part1_build_dir_listing_0056%_disassembled     || exit /b 1
+fc /N %part1_build_dir_listing_0056%.txt %part1_build_dir_listing_0056%_disassembled.txt || exit /b 1
+
+REM ================================================================================================
+set listing_0057=listing_0057_challenge_cycles
+set part1_build_dir_listing_0057=%part1_build_dir%\%listing_0057%
+
+copy /Y %part1_dir%\%listing_0057% %part1_build_dir% 1>NUL
+copy /Y %part1_dir%\%listing_0057%.txt %part1_build_dir% 1>NUL
+
+pushd %part1_build_dir%
+%part1_build_dir%\sim8086.exe --exec --log-instruction-ptr --log-cycle-counts 8086 %part1_build_dir_listing_0057%  > %part1_build_dir_listing_0057%_disassembled.txt
+%part1_build_dir%\sim8086.exe                                                      %part1_build_dir_listing_0057%  > %part1_build_dir_listing_0057%_disassembled.asm
+%part1_build_dir%\sim8086.exe --exec --log-instruction-ptr --log-cycle-counts 8088 %part1_build_dir_listing_0057% >> %part1_build_dir_listing_0057%_disassembled.txt
+popd
+
+nasm %part1_build_dir_listing_0057%_disassembled.asm
+
+fc /B %part1_build_dir_listing_0057%     %part1_build_dir_listing_0057%_disassembled     || exit /b 1
+fc /N %part1_build_dir_listing_0057%.txt %part1_build_dir_listing_0057%_disassembled.txt || exit /b 1
+
+REM Part 2 =========================================================================================
+REM Build ==========================================================================================
+:part2
+pushd %part2_build_dir%
+cl %part2_dir%\haversine_generator.c /W4 /WX /Z7 /nologo     /Fe:haversine_generator_debug || exit /b 1
+cl %part2_dir%\haversine_generator.c /W4 /WX /Z7 /nologo /O2 /Fe:haversine_generator_release || exit /b 1
+
+cl %part2_dir%\haversine_generator.c /DHAV_PROFILER /W4 /WX /Z7 /nologo     /Fe:haversine_generator_profiled_debug || exit /b 1
+cl %part2_dir%\haversine_generator.c /DHAV_PROFILER /W4 /WX /Z7 /nologo /O2 /Fe:haversine_generator_profiled_release || exit /b 1
+
+cl %part2_dir%\haversine.c /W4 /WX /Z7 /nologo     /Fe:haversine_debug || exit /b 1
+cl %part2_dir%\haversine.c /W4 /WX /Z7 /nologo /O2 /Fe:haversine_release || exit /b 1
+
+cl %part2_dir%\haversine.c /DHAV_PROFILER /W4 /WX /Z7 /nologo     /Fe:haversine_profiled_debug || exit /b 1
+cl %part2_dir%\haversine.c /DHAV_PROFILER /W4 /WX /Z7 /nologo /O2 /Fe:haversine_profiled_release || exit /b 1
+
+cl %part2_dir%\listing_0071_os_timer_main.cpp /W4 /WX /Z7 /O2 /nologo /Fe:listing_0071_os_timer_main_release || exit /b 1
+cl %part2_dir%\listing_0072_cpu_timer_main.cpp /W4 /WX /Z7 /O2 /nologo /Fe:listing_0072_cpu_timer_main_release || exit /b 1
+cl %part2_dir%\listing_0073_cpu_timer_guessfreq_main.cpp /W4 /WX /Z7 /O2 /nologo /Fe:listing_0073_cpu_timer_guessfreq_release || exit /b 1
+popd

part1/build.bat

@@ -1,94 +0,0 @@
-@echo off
-
-REM Setup
-REM ===========================================================================
-set script_dir_backslash=%~dp0
-set script_dir=%script_dir_backslash:~0,-1%
-set build_dir=%script_dir%\build
-if not exist %build_dir% mkdir %build_dir%
-
-REM Build
-REM ===========================================================================
-pushd %build_dir%
-cl %script_dir%\sim8086.c /W4 /WX /Z7 /nologo || exit /b 1
-popd
-
-REM Tests
-REM ===========================================================================
-set listing_0037=listing_0037_single_register_mov
-copy /Y %script_dir%\%listing_0037% %build_dir% 1>NUL
-set build_dir_listing_0037=%build_dir%\%listing_0037%
-%build_dir%\sim8086.exe %build_dir_listing_0037% > %build_dir_listing_0037%_disassembled.asm
-nasm %build_dir_listing_0037%_disassembled.asm
-fc /B %build_dir_listing_0037% %build_dir_listing_0037%_disassembled || exit /b 1
-
-set listing_0038=listing_0038_many_register_mov
-copy /Y %script_dir%\%listing_0038% %build_dir% 1>NUL
-set build_dir_listing_0038=%build_dir%\%listing_0038%
-%build_dir%\sim8086.exe %build_dir_listing_0038% > %build_dir_listing_0038%_disassembled.asm
-nasm %build_dir_listing_0038%_disassembled.asm
-fc /B %build_dir_listing_0038% %build_dir_listing_0038%_disassembled || exit /b 1
-
-set listing_0039=listing_0039_more_movs
-copy /Y %script_dir%\%listing_0039% %build_dir% 1>NUL
-set build_dir_listing_0039=%build_dir%\%listing_0039%
-%build_dir%\sim8086.exe %build_dir_listing_0039% > %build_dir_listing_0039%_disassembled.asm
-nasm %build_dir_listing_0039%_disassembled.asm
-fc /B %build_dir_listing_0039% %build_dir_listing_0039%_disassembled || exit /b 1
-
-set listing_0040=listing_0040_challenge_movs
-copy /Y %script_dir%\%listing_0040% %build_dir% 1>NUL
-set build_dir_listing_0040=%build_dir%\%listing_0040%
-%build_dir%\sim8086.exe %build_dir_listing_0040% > %build_dir_listing_0040%_disassembled.asm
-nasm %build_dir_listing_0040%_disassembled.asm
-fc /B %build_dir_listing_0040% %build_dir_listing_0040%_disassembled || exit /b 1
-
-set listing_0041=listing_0041_add_sub_cmp_jnz
-copy /Y %script_dir%\%listing_0041% %build_dir% 1>NUL
-set build_dir_listing_0041=%build_dir%\%listing_0041%
-%build_dir%\sim8086.exe %build_dir_listing_0041% > %build_dir_listing_0041%_disassembled.asm
-nasm %build_dir_listing_0041%_disassembled.asm
-fc /B %build_dir_listing_0041% %build_dir_listing_0041%_disassembled || exit /b 1
-
-set listing_0042=listing_0042_completionist_decode
-copy /Y %script_dir%\%listing_0042% %build_dir% 1>NUL
-set build_dir_listing_0042=%build_dir%\%listing_0042%
-%build_dir%\sim8086.exe %build_dir_listing_0042% > %build_dir_listing_0042%_disassembled.asm
-nasm %build_dir_listing_0042%_disassembled.asm
-fc /B %build_dir_listing_0042% %build_dir_listing_0042%_disassembled || exit /b 1
-
-set listing_0043=listing_0043_immediate_movs
-copy /Y %script_dir%\%listing_0043% %build_dir% 1>NUL
-copy /Y %script_dir%\%listing_0043%.txt %build_dir% 1>NUL
-set build_dir_listing_0043=%build_dir%\%listing_0043%
-%build_dir%\sim8086.exe --exec %build_dir_listing_0043% > %build_dir_listing_0043%_disassembled.txt
-fc /N %build_dir_listing_0043%.txt %build_dir_listing_0043%_disassembled.txt || exit /b 1
-
-set listing_0044=listing_0044_register_movs
-copy /Y %script_dir%\%listing_0044% %build_dir% 1>NUL
-copy /Y %script_dir%\%listing_0044%.txt %build_dir% 1>NUL
-set build_dir_listing_0044=%build_dir%\%listing_0044%
-%build_dir%\sim8086.exe --exec %build_dir_listing_0044% > %build_dir_listing_0044%_disassembled.txt
-fc /N %build_dir_listing_0044%.txt %build_dir_listing_0044%_disassembled.txt || exit /b 1
-
-set listing_0045=listing_0045_challenge_register_movs
-copy /Y %script_dir%\%listing_0045% %build_dir% 1>NUL
-copy /Y %script_dir%\%listing_0045%.txt %build_dir% 1>NUL
-set build_dir_listing_0045=%build_dir%\%listing_0045%
-%build_dir%\sim8086.exe --exec %build_dir_listing_0045% > %build_dir_listing_0045%_disassembled.txt
-fc /N %build_dir_listing_0045%.txt %build_dir_listing_0045%_disassembled.txt || exit /b 1
-set listing_0045=listing_0045_challenge_register_movs
-
-set listing_0046=listing_0046_add_sub_cmp
-copy /Y %script_dir%\%listing_0046% %build_dir% 1>NUL
-copy /Y %script_dir%\%listing_0046%.txt %build_dir% 1>NUL
-set build_dir_listing_0046=%build_dir%\%listing_0046%
-%build_dir%\sim8086.exe --exec %build_dir_listing_0046% > %build_dir_listing_0046%_disassembled.txt
-fc /N %build_dir_listing_0046%.txt %build_dir_listing_0046%_disassembled.txt || exit /b 1
-
-set listing_0047=listing_0047_challenge_flags
-copy /Y %script_dir%\%listing_0047% %build_dir% 1>NUL
-copy /Y %script_dir%\%listing_0047%.txt %build_dir% 1>NUL
-set build_dir_listing_0047=%build_dir%\%listing_0047%
-%build_dir%\sim8086.exe --exec %build_dir_listing_0047% > %build_dir_listing_0047%_disassembled.txt
-fc /N %build_dir_listing_0047%.txt %build_dir_listing_0047%_disassembled.txt || exit /b 1

part1/listing_0048_ip_register.asm

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+; ========================================================================
+;
+; (C) Copyright 2023 by Molly Rocket, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
+;
+; This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+; warranty. In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+; arising from the use of this software.
+;
+; Please see https://computerenhance.com for further information
+;
+; ========================================================================
+
+; ========================================================================
+; LISTING 48
+; ========================================================================
+
+bits 16
+
+mov cx, 200
+mov bx, cx
+add cx, 1000
+mov bx, 2000
+sub cx, bx

part1/listing_0048_ip_register.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+--- test\listing_0048_ip_register execution ---
+mov cx, 200 ; cx:0x0->0xc8 ip:0x0->0x3 
+mov bx, cx ; bx:0x0->0xc8 ip:0x3->0x5 
+add cx, 1000 ; cx:0xc8->0x4b0 ip:0x5->0x9 flags:->A 
+mov bx, 2000 ; bx:0xc8->0x7d0 ip:0x9->0xc 
+sub cx, bx ; cx:0x4b0->0xfce0 ip:0xc->0xe flags:A->CS 
+
+Final registers:
+      bx: 0x07d0 (2000)
+      cx: 0xfce0 (64736)
+      ip: 0x000e (14)
+   flags: CS
+

part1/listing_0049_conditional_jumps.asm

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+; ========================================================================
+;
+; (C) Copyright 2023 by Molly Rocket, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
+;
+; This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+; warranty. In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+; arising from the use of this software.
+;
+; Please see https://computerenhance.com for further information
+;
+; ========================================================================
+
+; ========================================================================
+; LISTING 49
+; ========================================================================
+
+bits 16
+
+mov cx, 3
+mov bx, 1000
+loop_start:
+add bx, 10
+sub cx, 1
+jnz loop_start

part1/listing_0049_conditional_jumps.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+--- test\listing_0049_conditional_jumps execution ---
+mov cx, 3 ; cx:0x0->0x3 ip:0x0->0x3 
+mov bx, 1000 ; bx:0x0->0x3e8 ip:0x3->0x6 
+add bx, 10 ; bx:0x3e8->0x3f2 ip:0x6->0x9 flags:->A 
+sub cx, 1 ; cx:0x3->0x2 ip:0x9->0xc flags:A-> 
+jne $-6 ; ip:0xc->0x6 
+add bx, 10 ; bx:0x3f2->0x3fc ip:0x6->0x9 flags:->P 
+sub cx, 1 ; cx:0x2->0x1 ip:0x9->0xc flags:P-> 
+jne $-6 ; ip:0xc->0x6 
+add bx, 10 ; bx:0x3fc->0x406 ip:0x6->0x9 flags:->PA 
+sub cx, 1 ; cx:0x1->0x0 ip:0x9->0xc flags:PA->PZ 
+jne $-6 ; ip:0xc->0xe 
+
+Final registers:
+      bx: 0x0406 (1030)
+      ip: 0x000e (14)
+   flags: PZ
+

part1/listing_0050_challenge_jumps.asm

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+; ========================================================================
+;
+; (C) Copyright 2023 by Molly Rocket, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
+;
+; This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+; warranty. In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+; arising from the use of this software.
+;
+; Please see https://computerenhance.com for further information
+;
+; ========================================================================
+
+; ========================================================================
+; LISTING 50
+; ========================================================================
+
+bits 16
+
+mov ax, 10
+mov bx, 10
+mov cx, 10
+
+label_0:
+cmp bx, cx
+je label_1
+
+add ax, 1
+jp label_2
+
+label_1:
+sub bx, 5
+jb label_3
+
+label_2:
+sub cx, 2
+
+label_3:
+loopnz label_0

part1/listing_0050_challenge_jumps.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+--- test\listing_0050_challenge_jumps execution ---
+mov ax, 10 ; ax:0x0->0xa ip:0x0->0x3 
+mov bx, 10 ; bx:0x0->0xa ip:0x3->0x6 
+mov cx, 10 ; cx:0x0->0xa ip:0x6->0x9 
+cmp bx, cx ; ip:0x9->0xb flags:->PZ 
+je $+7 ; ip:0xb->0x12 
+sub bx, 5 ; bx:0xa->0x5 ip:0x12->0x15 flags:PZ->P 
+jb $+5 ; ip:0x15->0x17 
+sub cx, 2 ; cx:0xa->0x8 ip:0x17->0x1a flags:P-> 
+loopnz $-17 ; cx:0x8->0x7 ip:0x1a->0x9 
+cmp bx, cx ; ip:0x9->0xb flags:->CAS 
+je $+7 ; ip:0xb->0xd 
+add ax, 1 ; ax:0xa->0xb ip:0xd->0x10 flags:CAS-> 
+jp $+7 ; ip:0x10->0x12 
+sub bx, 5 ; bx:0x5->0x0 ip:0x12->0x15 flags:->PZ 
+jb $+5 ; ip:0x15->0x17 
+sub cx, 2 ; cx:0x7->0x5 ip:0x17->0x1a flags:PZ->P 
+loopnz $-17 ; cx:0x5->0x4 ip:0x1a->0x9 
+cmp bx, cx ; ip:0x9->0xb flags:P->CPAS 
+je $+7 ; ip:0xb->0xd 
+add ax, 1 ; ax:0xb->0xc ip:0xd->0x10 flags:CPAS->P 
+jp $+7 ; ip:0x10->0x17 
+sub cx, 2 ; cx:0x4->0x2 ip:0x17->0x1a flags:P-> 
+loopnz $-17 ; cx:0x2->0x1 ip:0x1a->0x9 
+cmp bx, cx ; ip:0x9->0xb flags:->CPAS 
+je $+7 ; ip:0xb->0xd 
+add ax, 1 ; ax:0xc->0xd ip:0xd->0x10 flags:CPAS-> 
+jp $+7 ; ip:0x10->0x12 
+sub bx, 5 ; bx:0x0->0xfffb ip:0x12->0x15 flags:->CAS 
+jb $+5 ; ip:0x15->0x1a 
+loopnz $-17 ; cx:0x1->0x0 ip:0x1a->0x1c 
+
+Final registers:
+      ax: 0x000d (13)
+      bx: 0xfffb (65531)
+      ip: 0x001c (28)
+   flags: CAS
+

part1/listing_0051_memory_mov.asm

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+; ========================================================================
+;
+; (C) Copyright 2023 by Molly Rocket, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
+;
+; This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+; warranty. In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+; arising from the use of this software.
+;
+; Please see https://computerenhance.com for further information
+;
+; ========================================================================
+
+; ========================================================================
+; LISTING 51
+; ========================================================================
+
+bits 16
+
+mov word [1000], 1
+mov word [1002], 2
+mov word [1004], 3
+mov word [1006], 4
+
+mov bx, 1000
+mov word [bx + 4], 10
+
+mov bx, word [1000]
+mov cx, word [1002]
+mov dx, word [1004]
+mov bp, word [1006]

part1/listing_0051_memory_mov.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+--- test\listing_0051_memory_mov execution ---
+mov word [+1000], 1 ; ip:0x0->0x6 
+mov word [+1002], 2 ; ip:0x6->0xc 
+mov word [+1004], 3 ; ip:0xc->0x12 
+mov word [+1006], 4 ; ip:0x12->0x18 
+mov bx, 1000 ; bx:0x0->0x3e8 ip:0x18->0x1b 
+mov word [bx+4], 10 ; ip:0x1b->0x20 
+mov bx, [+1000] ; bx:0x3e8->0x1 ip:0x20->0x24 
+mov cx, [+1002] ; cx:0x0->0x2 ip:0x24->0x28 
+mov dx, [+1004] ; dx:0x0->0xa ip:0x28->0x2c 
+mov bp, [+1006] ; bp:0x0->0x4 ip:0x2c->0x30 
+
+Final registers:
+      bx: 0x0001 (1)
+      cx: 0x0002 (2)
+      dx: 0x000a (10)
+      bp: 0x0004 (4)
+      ip: 0x0030 (48)
+

part1/listing_0052_memory_add_loop.asm

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+; ========================================================================
+;
+; (C) Copyright 2023 by Molly Rocket, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
+;
+; This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+; warranty. In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+; arising from the use of this software.
+;
+; Please see https://computerenhance.com for further information
+;
+; ========================================================================
+
+; ========================================================================
+; LISTING 52
+; ========================================================================
+
+bits 16
+
+mov dx, 6
+mov bp, 1000
+
+mov si, 0
+init_loop_start:
+	mov word [bp + si], si
+	add si, 2
+	cmp si, dx
+	jnz init_loop_start
+
+mov bx, 0
+mov si, 0
+add_loop_start:
+	mov cx, word [bp + si]
+	add bx, cx
+	add si, 2
+	cmp si, dx
+	jnz add_loop_start

part1/listing_0052_memory_add_loop.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+--- test\listing_0052_memory_add_loop execution ---
+mov dx, 6 ; dx:0x0->0x6 ip:0x0->0x3 
+mov bp, 1000 ; bp:0x0->0x3e8 ip:0x3->0x6 
+mov si, 0 ; ip:0x6->0x9 
+mov word [bp+si], si ; ip:0x9->0xb 
+add si, 2 ; si:0x0->0x2 ip:0xb->0xe 
+cmp si, dx ; ip:0xe->0x10 flags:->CPAS 
+jne $-7 ; ip:0x10->0x9 
+mov word [bp+si], si ; ip:0x9->0xb 
+add si, 2 ; si:0x2->0x4 ip:0xb->0xe flags:CPAS-> 
+cmp si, dx ; ip:0xe->0x10 flags:->CAS 
+jne $-7 ; ip:0x10->0x9 
+mov word [bp+si], si ; ip:0x9->0xb 
+add si, 2 ; si:0x4->0x6 ip:0xb->0xe flags:CAS->P 
+cmp si, dx ; ip:0xe->0x10 flags:P->PZ 
+jne $-7 ; ip:0x10->0x12 
+mov bx, 0 ; ip:0x12->0x15 
+mov si, 0 ; si:0x6->0x0 ip:0x15->0x18 
+mov cx, [bp+si] ; ip:0x18->0x1a 
+add bx, cx ; ip:0x1a->0x1c 
+add si, 2 ; si:0x0->0x2 ip:0x1c->0x1f flags:PZ-> 
+cmp si, dx ; ip:0x1f->0x21 flags:->CPAS 
+jne $-9 ; ip:0x21->0x18 
+mov cx, [bp+si] ; cx:0x0->0x2 ip:0x18->0x1a 
+add bx, cx ; bx:0x0->0x2 ip:0x1a->0x1c flags:CPAS-> 
+add si, 2 ; si:0x2->0x4 ip:0x1c->0x1f 
+cmp si, dx ; ip:0x1f->0x21 flags:->CAS 
+jne $-9 ; ip:0x21->0x18 
+mov cx, [bp+si] ; cx:0x2->0x4 ip:0x18->0x1a 
+add bx, cx ; bx:0x2->0x6 ip:0x1a->0x1c flags:CAS->P 
+add si, 2 ; si:0x4->0x6 ip:0x1c->0x1f 
+cmp si, dx ; ip:0x1f->0x21 flags:P->PZ 
+jne $-9 ; ip:0x21->0x23 
+
+Final registers:
+      bx: 0x0006 (6)
+      cx: 0x0004 (4)
+      dx: 0x0006 (6)
+      bp: 0x03e8 (1000)
+      si: 0x0006 (6)
+      ip: 0x0023 (35)
+   flags: PZ
+

part1/listing_0053_add_loop_challenge.asm

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+; ========================================================================
+;
+; (C) Copyright 2023 by Molly Rocket, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
+;
+; This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+; warranty. In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+; arising from the use of this software.
+;
+; Please see https://computerenhance.com for further information
+;
+; ========================================================================
+
+; ========================================================================
+; LISTING 53
+; ========================================================================
+
+bits 16
+
+mov dx, 6
+mov bp, 1000
+
+mov si, 0
+init_loop_start:
+	mov word [bp + si], si
+	add si, 2
+	cmp si, dx
+	jnz init_loop_start
+
+mov bx, 0
+mov si, dx
+sub bp, 2
+add_loop_start:
+	add bx, word [bp + si]
+	sub si, 2
+	jnz add_loop_start

part1/listing_0053_add_loop_challenge.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+--- test\listing_0053_add_loop_challenge execution ---
+mov dx, 6 ; dx:0x0->0x6 ip:0x0->0x3 
+mov bp, 1000 ; bp:0x0->0x3e8 ip:0x3->0x6 
+mov si, 0 ; ip:0x6->0x9 
+mov word [bp+si], si ; ip:0x9->0xb 
+add si, 2 ; si:0x0->0x2 ip:0xb->0xe 
+cmp si, dx ; ip:0xe->0x10 flags:->CPAS 
+jne $-7 ; ip:0x10->0x9 
+mov word [bp+si], si ; ip:0x9->0xb 
+add si, 2 ; si:0x2->0x4 ip:0xb->0xe flags:CPAS-> 
+cmp si, dx ; ip:0xe->0x10 flags:->CAS 
+jne $-7 ; ip:0x10->0x9 
+mov word [bp+si], si ; ip:0x9->0xb 
+add si, 2 ; si:0x4->0x6 ip:0xb->0xe flags:CAS->P 
+cmp si, dx ; ip:0xe->0x10 flags:P->PZ 
+jne $-7 ; ip:0x10->0x12 
+mov bx, 0 ; ip:0x12->0x15 
+mov si, dx ; ip:0x15->0x17 
+sub bp, 2 ; bp:0x3e8->0x3e6 ip:0x17->0x1a flags:PZ-> 
+add bx, [bp+si] ; bx:0x0->0x4 ip:0x1a->0x1c 
+sub si, 2 ; si:0x6->0x4 ip:0x1c->0x1f 
+jne $-5 ; ip:0x1f->0x1a 
+add bx, [bp+si] ; bx:0x4->0x6 ip:0x1a->0x1c flags:->P 
+sub si, 2 ; si:0x4->0x2 ip:0x1c->0x1f flags:P-> 
+jne $-5 ; ip:0x1f->0x1a 
+add bx, [bp+si] ; ip:0x1a->0x1c flags:->P 
+sub si, 2 ; si:0x2->0x0 ip:0x1c->0x1f flags:P->PZ 
+jne $-5 ; ip:0x1f->0x21 
+
+Final registers:
+      bx: 0x0006 (6)
+      dx: 0x0006 (6)
+      bp: 0x03e6 (998)
+      ip: 0x0021 (33)
+   flags: PZ
+

part1/listing_0054_draw_rectangle.asm

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+; ========================================================================
+;
+; (C) Copyright 2023 by Molly Rocket, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
+;
+; This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+; warranty. In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+; arising from the use of this software.
+;
+; Please see https://computerenhance.com for further information
+;
+; ========================================================================
+
+; ========================================================================
+; LISTING 54
+; ========================================================================
+
+bits 16
+
+; Start image after one row, to avoid overwriting our code!
+mov bp, 64*4
+
+mov dx, 0
+y_loop_start:
+	
+	mov cx, 0
+	x_loop_start:
+		; Fill pixel
+		mov word [bp + 0], cx ; Red
+		mov word [bp + 2], dx ; Blue
+		mov byte [bp + 3], 255 ; Alpha
+			
+		; Advance pixel location
+		add bp, 4
+			
+		; Advance X coordinate and loop
+		add cx, 1
+		cmp cx, 64
+		jnz x_loop_start
+	
+	; Advance Y coordinate and loop
+	add dx, 1
+	cmp dx, 64
+	jnz y_loop_start

part1/listing_0055_challenge_rectangle.asm

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+; ========================================================================
+;
+; (C) Copyright 2023 by Molly Rocket, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
+;
+; This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+; warranty. In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+; arising from the use of this software.
+;
+; Please see https://computerenhance.com for further information
+;
+; ========================================================================
+
+; ========================================================================
+; LISTING 55
+; ========================================================================
+
+bits 16
+
+; Start image after one row, to avoid overwriting our code!
+mov bp, 64*4
+
+; Draw the solid rectangle red/blue/alpha
+mov dx, 64
+y_loop_start:
+	
+	mov cx, 64
+	x_loop_start:
+		mov byte [bp + 0], cl  ; Red
+		mov byte [bp + 1], 0   ; Green
+		mov byte [bp + 2], dl  ; Blue
+		mov byte [bp + 3], 255 ; Alpha
+		add bp, 4
+			
+		loop x_loop_start
+	
+	sub dx, 1
+	jnz y_loop_start
+
+; Add the line rectangle green
+mov bp, 64*4 + 4*64 + 4
+mov bx, bp
+mov cx, 62
+outline_loop_start:
+	
+	mov byte [bp + 1], 255 ; Top line
+	mov byte [bp + 61*64*4 + 1], 255 ; Bottom line
+	mov byte [bx + 1], 255 ; Left line
+	mov byte [bx + 61*4 + 1], 255 ; Right  line
+	
+	add bp, 4
+	add bx, 4*64
+			
+	loop outline_loop_start

part1/listing_0056_estimating_cycles.asm

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+; ========================================================================
+;
+; (C) Copyright 2023 by Molly Rocket, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
+;
+; This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+; warranty. In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+; arising from the use of this software.
+;
+; Please see https://computerenhance.com for further information
+;
+; ========================================================================
+
+; ========================================================================
+; LISTING 56
+; ========================================================================
+
+bits 16
+
+mov bx, 1000
+mov bp, 2000
+mov si, 3000
+mov di, 4000
+
+mov cx, bx
+mov dx, 12
+
+mov dx, [1000]
+
+mov cx, [bx]
+mov cx, [bp]
+mov [si], cx
+mov [di], cx 
+
+mov cx, [bx + 1000]
+mov cx, [bp + 1000]
+mov [si + 1000], cx 
+mov [di + 1000], cx
+
+add cx, dx
+add [di + 1000], cx
+add dx, 50

part1/listing_0056_estimating_cycles.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+**************
+**** 8086 ****
+**************
+
+WARNING: Clocks reported by this utility are strictly from the 8086 manual.
+They will be inaccurate, both because the manual clocks are estimates, and because
+some of the entries in the manual look highly suspicious and are probably typos.
+
+--- test\listing_0056_estimating_cycles execution ---
+mov bx, 1000 ; Clocks: +4 = 4 | bx:0x0->0x3e8 ip:0x0->0x3 
+mov bp, 2000 ; Clocks: +4 = 8 | bp:0x0->0x7d0 ip:0x3->0x6 
+mov si, 3000 ; Clocks: +4 = 12 | si:0x0->0xbb8 ip:0x6->0x9 
+mov di, 4000 ; Clocks: +4 = 16 | di:0x0->0xfa0 ip:0x9->0xc 
+mov cx, bx ; Clocks: +2 = 18 | cx:0x0->0x3e8 ip:0xc->0xe 
+mov dx, 12 ; Clocks: +4 = 22 | dx:0x0->0xc ip:0xe->0x11 
+mov dx, [+1000] ; Clocks: +14 = 36 (8 + 6ea) | dx:0xc->0x0 ip:0x11->0x15 
+mov cx, [bx] ; Clocks: +13 = 49 (8 + 5ea) | cx:0x3e8->0x0 ip:0x15->0x17 
+mov cx, [bp] ; Clocks: +13 = 62 (8 + 5ea) | ip:0x17->0x1a 
+mov word [si], cx ; Clocks: +14 = 76 (9 + 5ea) | ip:0x1a->0x1c 
+mov word [di], cx ; Clocks: +14 = 90 (9 + 5ea) | ip:0x1c->0x1e 
+mov cx, [bx+1000] ; Clocks: +17 = 107 (8 + 9ea) | ip:0x1e->0x22 
+mov cx, [bp+1000] ; Clocks: +17 = 124 (8 + 9ea) | ip:0x22->0x26 
+mov word [si+1000], cx ; Clocks: +18 = 142 (9 + 9ea) | ip:0x26->0x2a 
+mov word [di+1000], cx ; Clocks: +18 = 160 (9 + 9ea) | ip:0x2a->0x2e 
+add cx, dx ; Clocks: +3 = 163 | ip:0x2e->0x30 flags:->PZ 
+add word [di+1000], cx ; Clocks: +25 = 188 (16 + 9ea) | ip:0x30->0x34 
+add dx, 50 ; Clocks: +4 = 192 | dx:0x0->0x32 ip:0x34->0x37 flags:PZ-> 
+
+Final registers:
+      bx: 0x03e8 (1000)
+      dx: 0x0032 (50)
+      bp: 0x07d0 (2000)
+      si: 0x0bb8 (3000)
+      di: 0x0fa0 (4000)
+      ip: 0x0037 (55)
+
+**************
+**** 8088 ****
+**************
+
+WARNING: Clocks reported by this utility are strictly from the 8086 manual.
+They will be inaccurate, both because the manual clocks are estimates, and because
+some of the entries in the manual look highly suspicious and are probably typos.
+
+--- test\listing_0056_estimating_cycles execution ---
+mov bx, 1000 ; Clocks: +4 = 4 | bx:0x0->0x3e8 ip:0x0->0x3 
+mov bp, 2000 ; Clocks: +4 = 8 | bp:0x0->0x7d0 ip:0x3->0x6 
+mov si, 3000 ; Clocks: +4 = 12 | si:0x0->0xbb8 ip:0x6->0x9 
+mov di, 4000 ; Clocks: +4 = 16 | di:0x0->0xfa0 ip:0x9->0xc 
+mov cx, bx ; Clocks: +2 = 18 | cx:0x0->0x3e8 ip:0xc->0xe 
+mov dx, 12 ; Clocks: +4 = 22 | dx:0x0->0xc ip:0xe->0x11 
+mov dx, [+1000] ; Clocks: +18 = 40 (8 + 6ea + 4p) | dx:0xc->0x0 ip:0x11->0x15 
+mov cx, [bx] ; Clocks: +17 = 57 (8 + 5ea + 4p) | cx:0x3e8->0x0 ip:0x15->0x17 
+mov cx, [bp] ; Clocks: +17 = 74 (8 + 5ea + 4p) | ip:0x17->0x1a 
+mov word [si], cx ; Clocks: +18 = 92 (9 + 5ea + 4p) | ip:0x1a->0x1c 
+mov word [di], cx ; Clocks: +18 = 110 (9 + 5ea + 4p) | ip:0x1c->0x1e 
+mov cx, [bx+1000] ; Clocks: +21 = 131 (8 + 9ea + 4p) | ip:0x1e->0x22 
+mov cx, [bp+1000] ; Clocks: +21 = 152 (8 + 9ea + 4p) | ip:0x22->0x26 
+mov word [si+1000], cx ; Clocks: +22 = 174 (9 + 9ea + 4p) | ip:0x26->0x2a 
+mov word [di+1000], cx ; Clocks: +22 = 196 (9 + 9ea + 4p) | ip:0x2a->0x2e 
+add cx, dx ; Clocks: +3 = 199 | ip:0x2e->0x30 flags:->PZ 
+add word [di+1000], cx ; Clocks: +33 = 232 (16 + 9ea + 8p) | ip:0x30->0x34 
+add dx, 50 ; Clocks: +4 = 236 | dx:0x0->0x32 ip:0x34->0x37 flags:PZ-> 
+
+Final registers:
+      bx: 0x03e8 (1000)
+      dx: 0x0032 (50)
+      bp: 0x07d0 (2000)
+      si: 0x0bb8 (3000)
+      di: 0x0fa0 (4000)
+      ip: 0x0037 (55)
+

part1/listing_0057_challenge_cycles

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+»иЅРѕёї ‹‰‹
+‰	‹‹и‰€и‹Љи‰‰и’иѓL’й
•зѓK

part1/listing_0057_challenge_cycles.asm

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+; ========================================================================
+;
+; (C) Copyright 2023 by Molly Rocket, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
+;
+; This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+; warranty. In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+; arising from the use of this software.
+;
+; Please see https://computerenhance.com for further information
+;
+; ========================================================================
+
+; ========================================================================
+; LISTING 57
+; ========================================================================
+
+bits 16
+
+mov bx, 1000
+mov bp, 2000
+mov si, 3000
+mov di, 4000
+
+mov cx, [bp + di]
+mov [bx + si], cx
+
+mov cx, [bp + si]
+mov [bx + di], cx
+
+mov cx, [bp + di + 1000]
+mov [bx + si + 1000], cx
+
+mov cx, [bp + si + 1000]
+mov [bx + di + 1000], cx
+
+add dx, [bp + si + 1000]
+
+add word [bp + si], 76
+
+add dx, [bp + si + 1001]
+add [di + 999], dx
+add word [bp + si], 75

part1/listing_0057_challenge_cycles.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+**************
+**** 8086 ****
+**************
+
+WARNING: Clocks reported by this utility are strictly from the 8086 manual.
+They will be inaccurate, both because the manual clocks are estimates, and because
+some of the entries in the manual look highly suspicious and are probably typos.
+
+--- test\listing_0057_challenge_cycles execution ---
+mov bx, 1000 ; Clocks: +4 = 4 | bx:0x0->0x3e8 ip:0x0->0x3 
+mov bp, 2000 ; Clocks: +4 = 8 | bp:0x0->0x7d0 ip:0x3->0x6 
+mov si, 3000 ; Clocks: +4 = 12 | si:0x0->0xbb8 ip:0x6->0x9 
+mov di, 4000 ; Clocks: +4 = 16 | di:0x0->0xfa0 ip:0x9->0xc 
+mov cx, [bp+di] ; Clocks: +15 = 31 (8 + 7ea) | ip:0xc->0xe 
+mov word [bx+si], cx ; Clocks: +16 = 47 (9 + 7ea) | ip:0xe->0x10 
+mov cx, [bp+si] ; Clocks: +16 = 63 (8 + 8ea) | ip:0x10->0x12 
+mov word [bx+di], cx ; Clocks: +17 = 80 (9 + 8ea) | ip:0x12->0x14 
+mov cx, [bp+di+1000] ; Clocks: +19 = 99 (8 + 11ea) | ip:0x14->0x18 
+mov word [bx+si+1000], cx ; Clocks: +20 = 119 (9 + 11ea) | ip:0x18->0x1c 
+mov cx, [bp+si+1000] ; Clocks: +20 = 139 (8 + 12ea) | ip:0x1c->0x20 
+mov word [bx+di+1000], cx ; Clocks: +21 = 160 (9 + 12ea) | ip:0x20->0x24 
+add dx, [bp+si+1000] ; Clocks: +21 = 181 (9 + 12ea) | ip:0x24->0x28 flags:->PZ 
+add word [bp+si], 76 ; Clocks: +25 = 206 (17 + 8ea) | ip:0x28->0x2b flags:PZ-> 
+add dx, [bp+si+1001] ; Clocks: +25 = 231 (9 + 12ea + 4p) | ip:0x2b->0x2f flags:->PZ 
+add word [di+999], dx ; Clocks: +33 = 264 (16 + 9ea + 8p) | ip:0x2f->0x33 flags:PZ->P 
+add word [bp+si], 75 ; Clocks: +25 = 289 (17 + 8ea) | ip:0x33->0x36 flags:P->A 
+
+Final registers:
+      bx: 0x03e8 (1000)
+      bp: 0x07d0 (2000)
+      si: 0x0bb8 (3000)
+      di: 0x0fa0 (4000)
+      ip: 0x0036 (54)
+   flags: A
+
+**************
+**** 8088 ****
+**************
+
+WARNING: Clocks reported by this utility are strictly from the 8086 manual.
+They will be inaccurate, both because the manual clocks are estimates, and because
+some of the entries in the manual look highly suspicious and are probably typos.
+
+--- test\listing_0057_challenge_cycles execution ---
+mov bx, 1000 ; Clocks: +4 = 4 | bx:0x0->0x3e8 ip:0x0->0x3 
+mov bp, 2000 ; Clocks: +4 = 8 | bp:0x0->0x7d0 ip:0x3->0x6 
+mov si, 3000 ; Clocks: +4 = 12 | si:0x0->0xbb8 ip:0x6->0x9 
+mov di, 4000 ; Clocks: +4 = 16 | di:0x0->0xfa0 ip:0x9->0xc 
+mov cx, [bp+di] ; Clocks: +19 = 35 (8 + 7ea + 4p) | ip:0xc->0xe 
+mov word [bx+si], cx ; Clocks: +20 = 55 (9 + 7ea + 4p) | ip:0xe->0x10 
+mov cx, [bp+si] ; Clocks: +20 = 75 (8 + 8ea + 4p) | ip:0x10->0x12 
+mov word [bx+di], cx ; Clocks: +21 = 96 (9 + 8ea + 4p) | ip:0x12->0x14 
+mov cx, [bp+di+1000] ; Clocks: +23 = 119 (8 + 11ea + 4p) | ip:0x14->0x18 
+mov word [bx+si+1000], cx ; Clocks: +24 = 143 (9 + 11ea + 4p) | ip:0x18->0x1c 
+mov cx, [bp+si+1000] ; Clocks: +24 = 167 (8 + 12ea + 4p) | ip:0x1c->0x20 
+mov word [bx+di+1000], cx ; Clocks: +25 = 192 (9 + 12ea + 4p) | ip:0x20->0x24 
+add dx, [bp+si+1000] ; Clocks: +25 = 217 (9 + 12ea + 4p) | ip:0x24->0x28 flags:->PZ 
+add word [bp+si], 76 ; Clocks: +33 = 250 (17 + 8ea + 8p) | ip:0x28->0x2b flags:PZ-> 
+add dx, [bp+si+1001] ; Clocks: +25 = 275 (9 + 12ea + 4p) | ip:0x2b->0x2f flags:->PZ 
+add word [di+999], dx ; Clocks: +33 = 308 (16 + 9ea + 8p) | ip:0x2f->0x33 flags:PZ->P 
+add word [bp+si], 75 ; Clocks: +33 = 341 (17 + 8ea + 8p) | ip:0x33->0x36 flags:P->A 
+
+Final registers:
+      bx: 0x03e8 (1000)
+      bp: 0x07d0 (2000)
+      si: 0x0bb8 (3000)
+      di: 0x0fa0 (4000)
+      ip: 0x0036 (54)
+   flags: A
+

part1/sim8086.c

@@ -13,46 +13,6 @@
 
 #include "sim8086_stdlib.c"
 
-typedef enum S86_RegisterByte {
-    S86_RegisterByte_Lo,
-    S86_RegisterByte_Hi,
-    S86_RegisterByte_Count,
-    S86_RegisterByte_Nil,
-} S86_RegisterByte;
-
-typedef union S86_Register16 {
-    uint16_t word;
-    uint8_t bytes[S86_RegisterByte_Count];
-} S86_Register16;
-
-typedef struct S86_RegisterFileFlags {
-    bool carry;
-    bool zero;
-    bool sign;
-    bool overflow;
-    bool parity;
-    bool auxiliary_carry;
-} S86_RegisterFileFlags;
-
-typedef struct S86_RegisterFile {
-    S86_RegisterFileFlags flags;
-
-    S86_Register16 ax;
-    S86_Register16 bx;
-    S86_Register16 cx;
-    S86_Register16 dx;
-
-    S86_Register16 sp;
-    S86_Register16 bp;
-    S86_Register16 si;
-    S86_Register16 di;
-
-    S86_Register16 es;
-    S86_Register16 cs;
-    S86_Register16 ss;
-    S86_Register16 ds;
-} S86_RegisterFile;
-
 bool S86_RegisterFileFlagsEq(S86_RegisterFileFlags lhs, S86_RegisterFileFlags rhs)
 {
     bool result = lhs.carry           == rhs.carry    &&
@@ -236,6 +196,49 @@ S86_Str8 S86_MnemonicOpStr8(S86_MnemonicOp type)
     return result;
 }
 
+bool S86_MnemonicOpIsAccumulator(S86_MnemonicOp type)
+{
+    bool result = type == S86_MnemonicOp_AX ||
+                  type == S86_MnemonicOp_AL ||
+                  type == S86_MnemonicOp_AH;
+    return result;
+}
+
+bool S86_MnemonicOpIsRegister(S86_MnemonicOp type)
+{
+    bool result = (type >= S86_MnemonicOp_AL && type <= S86_MnemonicOp_DI) ||
+                  (type >= S86_MnemonicOp_ES && type <= S86_MnemonicOp_DS);
+    return result;
+}
+
+bool S86_MnemonicOpIsEffectiveAddress(S86_MnemonicOp type)
+{
+    bool result = (type >= S86_MnemonicOp_BX_SI && type <= S86_MnemonicOp_BP_DI) ||
+                  (type == S86_MnemonicOp_DirectAddress);
+    return result;
+}
+
+S86_Str8 S86_RegisterFileRegArrayStr8(S86_RegisterFileRegArray type)
+{
+    S86_Str8 result = {0};
+    switch (type) {
+        case S86_RegisterFileRegArray_AX: result = S86_MnemonicOpStr8(S86_MnemonicOp_AX); break;
+        case S86_RegisterFileRegArray_BX: result = S86_MnemonicOpStr8(S86_MnemonicOp_BX); break;
+        case S86_RegisterFileRegArray_CX: result = S86_MnemonicOpStr8(S86_MnemonicOp_CX); break;
+        case S86_RegisterFileRegArray_DX: result = S86_MnemonicOpStr8(S86_MnemonicOp_DX); break;
+        case S86_RegisterFileRegArray_SP: result = S86_MnemonicOpStr8(S86_MnemonicOp_SP); break;
+        case S86_RegisterFileRegArray_BP: result = S86_MnemonicOpStr8(S86_MnemonicOp_BP); break;
+        case S86_RegisterFileRegArray_SI: result = S86_MnemonicOpStr8(S86_MnemonicOp_SI); break;
+        case S86_RegisterFileRegArray_DI: result = S86_MnemonicOpStr8(S86_MnemonicOp_DI); break;
+        case S86_RegisterFileRegArray_ES: result = S86_MnemonicOpStr8(S86_MnemonicOp_ES); break;
+        case S86_RegisterFileRegArray_CS: result = S86_MnemonicOpStr8(S86_MnemonicOp_DS); break;
+        case S86_RegisterFileRegArray_SS: result = S86_MnemonicOpStr8(S86_MnemonicOp_SS); break;
+        case S86_RegisterFileRegArray_DS: result = S86_MnemonicOpStr8(S86_MnemonicOp_DS); break;
+        case S86_RegisterFileRegArray_Count: break;
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
 void S86_PrintOpcodeMnemonicOp(S86_Opcode opcode, bool src)
 {
     // TODO: It sucks to have these enums that specify source or dest because
@@ -247,9 +250,6 @@ void S86_PrintOpcodeMnemonicOp(S86_Opcode opcode, bool src)
     // and then you can have one code path that just checks the flags on each op
     S86_MnemonicOp mnemonic_op = src ? opcode.src : opcode.dest;
 
-    bool wide_prefix = ( src && opcode.wide_prefix == S86_WidePrefix_Src) ||
-                       (!src && opcode.wide_prefix == S86_WidePrefix_Dest);
-
     bool effective_addr = ( src && opcode.effective_addr == S86_EffectiveAddress_Src) ||
                           (!src && opcode.effective_addr == S86_EffectiveAddress_Dest);
 
@@ -261,8 +261,8 @@ void S86_PrintOpcodeMnemonicOp(S86_Opcode opcode, bool src)
     else
         S86_PrintFmt(" ");
 
-    if (wide_prefix)
-        S86_PrintFmt("%s ", opcode.wide ? "word" : "byte");
+    if (!src && opcode.word_byte_prefix != S86_WordBytePrefix_None)
+        S86_PrintFmt("%s ", opcode.word_byte_prefix == S86_WordBytePrefix_Word ? "word" : "byte");
 
     if (effective_addr && opcode.seg_reg_prefix != S86_MnemonicOp_Invalid) {
         S86_Str8 prefix = S86_MnemonicOpStr8(opcode.seg_reg_prefix);
@@ -274,12 +274,14 @@ void S86_PrintOpcodeMnemonicOp(S86_Opcode opcode, bool src)
 
     if (mnemonic_op == S86_MnemonicOp_DirectAddress) {
         S86_PrintFmt("%s%d",
-                     opcode.displacement >= 0 ? "" : "-",
+                     opcode.displacement >= 0 ? "+" : "-",
                      opcode.displacement >= 0 ? opcode.displacement : -opcode.displacement);
     } else if (mnemonic_op == S86_MnemonicOp_Jump) {
-        S86_PrintFmt("$+2%c%d",
-                     opcode.displacement > 0 ? '+' : '-',
-                     opcode.displacement > 0 ? opcode.displacement : -opcode.displacement);
+        // NOTE: Account for the opcode itself which is 2 bytes, e.g. we can print $+2-8 or just $-6
+        int32_t displacement = opcode.displacement + 2;
+        S86_PrintFmt("$%c%d",
+                     displacement > 0 ? '+' : '-',
+                     displacement > 0 ? displacement : -displacement);
     } else if (mnemonic_op == S86_MnemonicOp_Immediate) {
         if (opcode.immediate_is_8bit) {
             S86_PrintFmt("%d", (int8_t)opcode.immediate);
@@ -299,8 +301,8 @@ void S86_PrintOpcodeMnemonicOp(S86_Opcode opcode, bool src)
         }
 
         if (effective_addr && opcode.displacement) {
-            S86_PrintFmt("%c%d",
-                         opcode.displacement >= 0 ? '+' : '-',
+            S86_PrintFmt("%s%d",
+                         opcode.displacement >= 0 ? "+" : "-",
                          opcode.displacement >= 0 ? opcode.displacement : -opcode.displacement);
         }
     }
@@ -370,8 +372,12 @@ S86_Opcode S86_DecodeOpcode(S86_BufferIterator *buffer_it,
                             S86_OpDecode const *decode_table,
                             uint16_t            decode_table_size,
                             bool               *lock_prefix,
-                            S86_MnemonicOp     *seg_reg)
+                            S86_MnemonicOp     *seg_reg,
+                            bool                cycle_count_8088)
 {
+    (void)cycle_count_8088;
+
+    size_t buffer_start_index     = buffer_it->index;
     char op_code_bytes[2]         = {0};
     size_t op_code_size           = 0;
     op_code_bytes[op_code_size++] = S86_BufferIteratorNextByte(buffer_it);
@@ -418,9 +424,11 @@ S86_Opcode S86_DecodeOpcode(S86_BufferIterator *buffer_it,
     S86_ASSERT(op_decode_type != S86_OpDecodeType_Count && "Unknown instruction");
 
     S86_Opcode result      = {0};
+    result.type            = op_decode_type;
     result.mnemonic        = op_decode->mnemonic;
     result.lock_prefix     = *lock_prefix;
     result.seg_reg_prefix  = *seg_reg;
+
     S86_ASSERT(*seg_reg == S86_MnemonicOp_Invalid || (*seg_reg >= S86_MnemonicOp_ES && *seg_reg <= S86_MnemonicOp_DS));
     switch (op_decode_type) {
         // NOTE: Instruction Pattern => [0b0000'0000W | 0bAA00'0CCC | DISP-LO | DISP-HI]
@@ -464,8 +472,6 @@ S86_Opcode S86_DecodeOpcode(S86_BufferIterator *buffer_it,
             }
 
             S86_DecodeEffectiveAddr(&result, buffer_it, rm, mod, w);
-            result.wide_prefix = S86_WidePrefix_Dest;
-
             // NOTE: Bit shifts use 'v' to indicate if shift distance should
             // come from cl register otherwise bitshift by 1
             if (op_decode_type >= S86_OpDecodeType_SHL_SAL && op_decode_type <= S86_OpDecodeType_RCR) {
@@ -658,10 +664,6 @@ S86_Opcode S86_DecodeOpcode(S86_BufferIterator *buffer_it,
             }
 
             result.src = S86_MnemonicOp_Immediate;
-            if (op_decode_type == S86_OpDecodeType_MOVImmediateToRegOrMem)
-                result.wide_prefix = S86_WidePrefix_Src;
-            else if (result.effective_addr_loads_mem)
-                result.wide_prefix = S86_WidePrefix_Dest;
         } break;
 
         // NOTE: Instruction Pattern => [0b0000'W00W | DATA-LO | DATA-HI]
@@ -855,52 +857,111 @@ S86_Opcode S86_DecodeOpcode(S86_BufferIterator *buffer_it,
     if (op_decode_type != S86_OpDecodeType_SEGMENT)
         *seg_reg = S86_MnemonicOp_Invalid;
 
+    if (result.effective_addr == S86_EffectiveAddress_Dest && result.effective_addr_loads_mem) {
+        result.word_byte_prefix = (result.wide || result.src >= S86_MnemonicOp_AX && result.src <= S86_MnemonicOp_BX)
+            ? S86_WordBytePrefix_Word
+            : S86_WordBytePrefix_Byte;
+    }
+
+
+    size_t buffer_end_index = buffer_it->index;
+    result.byte_size        = S86_CAST(uint8_t)(buffer_end_index - buffer_start_index);
+    S86_ASSERT(result.immediate < S86_CAST(uint16_t)-1);
     return result;
 }
 
 typedef struct S86_MnemonicOpToRegisterFileMap {
     S86_MnemonicOp    mnemonic_op;       ///< Register/op that the mnemonic is using
-    S86_MnemonicOp    mnemonic_op_reg16; ///< 16 bit register for the mnemonic op
     S86_Register16   *reg;               ///< Pointer to the register memory this mnemonic op is using
     S86_RegisterByte  byte;              ///< The 'byte' that the mnemonic operates on (hi, lo or nil e.g. word)
 } S86_MnemonicOpToRegisterFileMap;
 
-#define PRINT_USAGE S86_PrintLn(S86_STR8("usage: sim8086.exe [--exec] <binary asm file>"))
+char const CLI_ARG_EXEC[]                = "--exec";
+char const CLI_ARG_LOG_INSTRUCTION_PTR[] = "--log-instruction-ptr";
+char const CLI_ARG_LOG_CYCLE_COUNTS[]    = "--log-cycle-counts";
+char const CLI_ARG_DUMP[]                = "--dump";
+#define PRINT_USAGE                                                                    \
+    S86_PrintLnFmt("USAGE: sim8086.exe [%.*s] [%.*s] [%.*s] [%.*s <8086|8088>] <binary asm file>", \
+                   S86_ARRAY_UCOUNT(CLI_ARG_EXEC) - 1,                                 \
+                   CLI_ARG_EXEC,                                                       \
+                   S86_ARRAY_UCOUNT(CLI_ARG_LOG_INSTRUCTION_PTR) - 1,                  \
+                   CLI_ARG_LOG_INSTRUCTION_PTR,                                        \
+                   S86_ARRAY_UCOUNT(CLI_ARG_LOG_CYCLE_COUNTS) - 1,                     \
+                   CLI_ARG_LOG_CYCLE_COUNTS,                                           \
+                   S86_ARRAY_UCOUNT(CLI_ARG_DUMP) - 1,                                 \
+                   CLI_ARG_DUMP)
+
 int main(int argc, char **argv)
 {
     // NOTE: Argument handling
     // =========================================================================
-    if (argc != 2 && argc != 3) {
+    if (argc < 2) {
         PRINT_USAGE;
         return -1;
     }
 
+    S86_Str8 CLI_ARG_EXEC_STR8                = (S86_Str8){(char *)CLI_ARG_EXEC,                S86_ARRAY_UCOUNT(CLI_ARG_EXEC)                - 1};
+    S86_Str8 CLI_ARG_LOG_INSTRUCTION_PTR_STR8 = (S86_Str8){(char *)CLI_ARG_LOG_INSTRUCTION_PTR, S86_ARRAY_UCOUNT(CLI_ARG_LOG_INSTRUCTION_PTR) - 1};
+    S86_Str8 CLI_ARG_LOG_CYCLE_COUNTS_STR8    = (S86_Str8){(char *)CLI_ARG_LOG_CYCLE_COUNTS,    S86_ARRAY_UCOUNT(CLI_ARG_LOG_CYCLE_COUNTS)    - 1};
+    S86_Str8 CLI_ARG_DUMP_STR8                = (S86_Str8){(char *)CLI_ARG_DUMP,                S86_ARRAY_UCOUNT(CLI_ARG_DUMP)                - 1};
+
+    typedef enum CycleCount {
+        CycleCount_None,
+        CycleCount_8086,
+        CycleCount_8088,
+    } CycleCount;
+
+    CycleCount log_cycle_counts = CycleCount_None;
     bool exec_mode              = false;
-    char const *file_path = NULL;
-    if (argc == 3) {
-        S86_Str8 exec_mode_str8 = {argv[1], strlen(argv[1])};
-        file_path               = argv[2];
-        if (!S86_Str8_Equals(exec_mode_str8, S86_STR8("--exec"))) {
+    bool log_instruction_ptr    = false;
+    bool dump                   = false;
+    S86_Str8 file_path          = {0};
+    for (int arg_index = 1; arg_index < argc; arg_index++) {
+
+        char const *arg_cstring = argv[arg_index];
+        S86_Str8 arg_str8       = (S86_Str8){(char *)arg_cstring, strlen(arg_cstring)};
+        S86_Str8 next_arg_str8  = S86_STR8("");
+        if ((arg_index + 1) < argc)
+            next_arg_str8 = (S86_Str8){(char *)argv[arg_index + 1], strlen(argv[arg_index + 1])};
+
+        if (S86_Str8_Equals(arg_str8, CLI_ARG_EXEC_STR8)) {
+            exec_mode = true;
+        } else if (S86_Str8_Equals(arg_str8, CLI_ARG_LOG_INSTRUCTION_PTR_STR8)) {
+            log_instruction_ptr = true;
+        } else if (S86_Str8_Equals(arg_str8, CLI_ARG_LOG_CYCLE_COUNTS_STR8)) {
+            if (S86_Str8_Equals(next_arg_str8, S86_STR8("8086"))) {
+                log_cycle_counts = CycleCount_8086;
+            } else if (S86_Str8_Equals(next_arg_str8, S86_STR8("8088"))) {
+                log_cycle_counts = CycleCount_8088;
+            } else {
+                S86_PrintLnFmt("ERROR: Only '8086' or '8088' is accepted after the cycle count argument [arg=\"%.*s\"]", S86_STR8_FMT(next_arg_str8));
                 PRINT_USAGE;
                 return -1;
             }
-        exec_mode = true;
+            arg_index++;
+        } else if (S86_Str8_Equals(arg_str8, CLI_ARG_DUMP_STR8)) {
+            dump = true;
         } else {
-        file_path = argv[1];
+            if (file_path.size) {
+                S86_PrintLnFmt("ERROR: Only 1 ASM binary file is supported per invocation [file=\"%.*s\"]", S86_STR8_FMT(file_path));
+                PRINT_USAGE;
+                return -1;
+            }
+            file_path = arg_str8;
+        }
     }
 
-    char const *file_name = file_path;
-    size_t file_path_size = strlen(file_path);
-    for (size_t index = file_path_size - 1; index < file_path_size; index--) {
-        if (file_path[index] == '\\' || file_path[index] == '/') {
-            file_name = file_path + index + 1;
+    char const *file_name = file_path.data;
+    for (size_t index = file_path.size - 1; index < file_path.size; index--) {
+        if (file_path.data[index] == '\\' || file_path.data[index] == '/') {
+            file_name = file_path.data + index + 1;
             break;
         }
     }
 
-    S86_Buffer buffer = S86_FileRead(file_path);
+    S86_Buffer buffer = S86_FileRead(file_path.data);
     if (!S86_BufferIsValid(buffer)) {
-        S86_PrintLnFmt("File read failed [path=\"%s\"]", argv[1], buffer.size);
+        S86_PrintLnFmt("ERROR: Failed to read file [path=\"%.*s\"]", S86_STR8_FMT(file_path));
         return -1;
     }
 
@@ -1198,51 +1259,76 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
 
     // NOTE: Decode assembly
     // =========================================================================
-    if (exec_mode)
+    if (exec_mode) {
+        if (log_cycle_counts != CycleCount_None) { // NOTE: Print disclaimer + header
+            S86_PrintLn(S86_STR8("**************"));
+            S86_PrintLnFmt("**** %s ****", log_cycle_counts == CycleCount_8086 ? "8086" : "8088");
+            S86_PrintLn(S86_STR8("**************"));
+            S86_PrintLn(S86_STR8(""));
+            S86_PrintLn(S86_STR8("WARNING: Clocks reported by this utility are strictly from the 8086 manual."));
+            S86_PrintLn(S86_STR8("They will be inaccurate, both because the manual clocks are estimates, and because"));
+            S86_PrintLn(S86_STR8("some of the entries in the manual look highly suspicious and are probably typos."));
+            S86_PrintLn(S86_STR8(""));
+        }
         S86_PrintLnFmt("--- test\\%s execution ---", file_name);
-    else
+    } else {
         S86_PrintLn(S86_STR8("bits 16"));
+    }
 
+    uint32_t const S86_MEMORY_SIZE = 1024 * 1024;
     S86_RegisterFile register_file = {0};
-    S86_BufferIterator buffer_it   = S86_BufferIteratorInit(buffer);
-    S86_MnemonicOp seg_reg         = {0};
-    bool lock_prefix               = false;
+    uint8_t *memory                = VirtualAlloc(0, S86_MEMORY_SIZE, MEM_RESERVE | MEM_COMMIT, PAGE_READWRITE);
+    memcpy(memory, buffer.data, buffer.size);
 
     S86_MnemonicOpToRegisterFileMap mnemonic_op_to_register_file_map[] = {
-        {.mnemonic_op = S86_MnemonicOp_AX, .mnemonic_op_reg16 = S86_MnemonicOp_AX, .reg = &register_file.ax, .byte = S86_RegisterByte_Nil},
-        {.mnemonic_op = S86_MnemonicOp_AL, .mnemonic_op_reg16 = S86_MnemonicOp_AX, .reg = &register_file.ax, .byte = S86_RegisterByte_Lo},
-        {.mnemonic_op = S86_MnemonicOp_AH, .mnemonic_op_reg16 = S86_MnemonicOp_AX, .reg = &register_file.ax, .byte = S86_RegisterByte_Hi},
+        {.mnemonic_op = S86_MnemonicOp_AX,    .reg = &register_file.reg.file.ax, .byte = S86_RegisterByte_Nil},
+        {.mnemonic_op = S86_MnemonicOp_AL,    .reg = &register_file.reg.file.ax, .byte = S86_RegisterByte_Lo},
+        {.mnemonic_op = S86_MnemonicOp_AH,    .reg = &register_file.reg.file.ax, .byte = S86_RegisterByte_Hi},
 
-        {.mnemonic_op = S86_MnemonicOp_CX, .mnemonic_op_reg16 = S86_MnemonicOp_CX, .reg = &register_file.cx, .byte = S86_RegisterByte_Nil},
-        {.mnemonic_op = S86_MnemonicOp_CL, .mnemonic_op_reg16 = S86_MnemonicOp_CX, .reg = &register_file.cx, .byte = S86_RegisterByte_Lo},
-        {.mnemonic_op = S86_MnemonicOp_CH, .mnemonic_op_reg16 = S86_MnemonicOp_CX, .reg = &register_file.cx, .byte = S86_RegisterByte_Lo},
+        {.mnemonic_op = S86_MnemonicOp_CX,    .reg = &register_file.reg.file.cx, .byte = S86_RegisterByte_Nil},
+        {.mnemonic_op = S86_MnemonicOp_CL,    .reg = &register_file.reg.file.cx, .byte = S86_RegisterByte_Lo},
+        {.mnemonic_op = S86_MnemonicOp_CH,    .reg = &register_file.reg.file.cx, .byte = S86_RegisterByte_Lo},
 
-        {.mnemonic_op = S86_MnemonicOp_DX, .mnemonic_op_reg16 = S86_MnemonicOp_DX, .reg = &register_file.dx, .byte = S86_RegisterByte_Nil},
-        {.mnemonic_op = S86_MnemonicOp_DL, .mnemonic_op_reg16 = S86_MnemonicOp_DX, .reg = &register_file.dx, .byte = S86_RegisterByte_Lo},
-        {.mnemonic_op = S86_MnemonicOp_DH, .mnemonic_op_reg16 = S86_MnemonicOp_DX, .reg = &register_file.dx, .byte = S86_RegisterByte_Hi},
+        {.mnemonic_op = S86_MnemonicOp_DX,    .reg = &register_file.reg.file.dx, .byte = S86_RegisterByte_Nil},
+        {.mnemonic_op = S86_MnemonicOp_DL,    .reg = &register_file.reg.file.dx, .byte = S86_RegisterByte_Lo},
+        {.mnemonic_op = S86_MnemonicOp_DH,    .reg = &register_file.reg.file.dx, .byte = S86_RegisterByte_Hi},
 
-        {.mnemonic_op = S86_MnemonicOp_BX, .mnemonic_op_reg16 = S86_MnemonicOp_BX, .reg = &register_file.bx, .byte = S86_RegisterByte_Nil},
-        {.mnemonic_op = S86_MnemonicOp_BL, .mnemonic_op_reg16 = S86_MnemonicOp_BX, .reg = &register_file.bx, .byte = S86_RegisterByte_Lo},
-        {.mnemonic_op = S86_MnemonicOp_BH, .mnemonic_op_reg16 = S86_MnemonicOp_BX, .reg = &register_file.bx, .byte = S86_RegisterByte_Hi},
+        {.mnemonic_op = S86_MnemonicOp_BX,    .reg = &register_file.reg.file.bx, .byte = S86_RegisterByte_Nil},
+        {.mnemonic_op = S86_MnemonicOp_BL,    .reg = &register_file.reg.file.bx, .byte = S86_RegisterByte_Lo},
+        {.mnemonic_op = S86_MnemonicOp_BH,    .reg = &register_file.reg.file.bx, .byte = S86_RegisterByte_Hi},
 
-        {.mnemonic_op = S86_MnemonicOp_SP, .mnemonic_op_reg16 = S86_MnemonicOp_SP, .reg = &register_file.sp, .byte = S86_RegisterByte_Nil},
-        {.mnemonic_op = S86_MnemonicOp_BP, .mnemonic_op_reg16 = S86_MnemonicOp_BP, .reg = &register_file.bp, .byte = S86_RegisterByte_Nil},
-        {.mnemonic_op = S86_MnemonicOp_SI, .mnemonic_op_reg16 = S86_MnemonicOp_SI, .reg = &register_file.si, .byte = S86_RegisterByte_Nil},
-        {.mnemonic_op = S86_MnemonicOp_DI, .mnemonic_op_reg16 = S86_MnemonicOp_DI, .reg = &register_file.di, .byte = S86_RegisterByte_Nil},
+        {.mnemonic_op = S86_MnemonicOp_SP,    .reg = &register_file.reg.file.sp, .byte = S86_RegisterByte_Nil},
+        {.mnemonic_op = S86_MnemonicOp_BP,    .reg = &register_file.reg.file.bp, .byte = S86_RegisterByte_Nil},
+        {.mnemonic_op = S86_MnemonicOp_SI,    .reg = &register_file.reg.file.si, .byte = S86_RegisterByte_Nil},
+        {.mnemonic_op = S86_MnemonicOp_DI,    .reg = &register_file.reg.file.di, .byte = S86_RegisterByte_Nil},
 
-        {.mnemonic_op = S86_MnemonicOp_ES, .mnemonic_op_reg16 = S86_MnemonicOp_ES, .reg = &register_file.es, .byte = S86_RegisterByte_Nil},
-        {.mnemonic_op = S86_MnemonicOp_CS, .mnemonic_op_reg16 = S86_MnemonicOp_CS, .reg = &register_file.cs, .byte = S86_RegisterByte_Nil},
-        {.mnemonic_op = S86_MnemonicOp_SS, .mnemonic_op_reg16 = S86_MnemonicOp_SS, .reg = &register_file.ss, .byte = S86_RegisterByte_Nil},
-        {.mnemonic_op = S86_MnemonicOp_DS, .mnemonic_op_reg16 = S86_MnemonicOp_DS, .reg = &register_file.ds, .byte = S86_RegisterByte_Nil},
+        {.mnemonic_op = S86_MnemonicOp_ES,    .reg = &register_file.reg.file.es, .byte = S86_RegisterByte_Nil},
+        {.mnemonic_op = S86_MnemonicOp_CS,    .reg = &register_file.reg.file.cs, .byte = S86_RegisterByte_Nil},
+        {.mnemonic_op = S86_MnemonicOp_SS,    .reg = &register_file.reg.file.ss, .byte = S86_RegisterByte_Nil},
+        {.mnemonic_op = S86_MnemonicOp_DS,    .reg = &register_file.reg.file.ds, .byte = S86_RegisterByte_Nil},
+
+        {.mnemonic_op = S86_MnemonicOp_BX_SI, .reg = &register_file.reg.file.bx, .byte = S86_RegisterByte_Nil},
+        {.mnemonic_op = S86_MnemonicOp_BX_DI, .reg = &register_file.reg.file.bx, .byte = S86_RegisterByte_Nil},
+        {.mnemonic_op = S86_MnemonicOp_BP_SI, .reg = &register_file.reg.file.bp, .byte = S86_RegisterByte_Nil},
+        {.mnemonic_op = S86_MnemonicOp_BP_DI, .reg = &register_file.reg.file.bp, .byte = S86_RegisterByte_Nil},
     };
 
-    while (S86_BufferIteratorHasMoreBytes(buffer_it)) {
-        S86_Opcode opcode = S86_DecodeOpcode(&buffer_it,
-                                             DECODE_TABLE,
-                                             S86_ARRAY_UCOUNT(DECODE_TABLE),
-                                             &lock_prefix,
-                                             &seg_reg);
+    // NOTE: Execute the assembly
+    // =========================================================================
+    S86_Buffer instruction_buffer     = {0};
+    instruction_buffer.data           = (char *)&memory[register_file.instruction_ptr];
+    instruction_buffer.size           = buffer.size;
+    S86_BufferIterator instruction_it = S86_BufferIteratorInit(instruction_buffer);
+    uint32_t clocks_counter           = 0;
+
+    bool lock_prefix       = false;
+    S86_MnemonicOp seg_reg = S86_CAST(S86_MnemonicOp)0;
+    for (uint16_t prev_ip = 0; register_file.instruction_ptr < buffer.size; prev_ip = register_file.instruction_ptr) {
+        instruction_it.index = register_file.instruction_ptr;
+        S86_Opcode opcode    = S86_DecodeOpcode(&instruction_it, DECODE_TABLE, S86_ARRAY_UCOUNT(DECODE_TABLE), &lock_prefix, &seg_reg, log_cycle_counts == CycleCount_8088);
         S86_PrintOpcode(opcode);
+
+        register_file.instruction_ptr += opcode.byte_size;
         if (opcode.mnemonic == S86_Mnemonic_LOCK || opcode.mnemonic == S86_Mnemonic_SEGMENT)
             continue;
 
@@ -1251,7 +1337,13 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
             continue;
         }
 
-        S86_RegisterFileFlags prev_flags = register_file.flags;
+        // NOTE: Simulate instruction ==============================================================
+        bool cycle_count_8088             = log_cycle_counts == CycleCount_8088;
+        uint32_t base_clocks              = 0;
+        uint32_t effective_address_clocks = 0;
+        uint32_t transfer_penalty_clocks  = 0;
+
+        S86_RegisterFile prev_register_file = register_file;
         switch (opcode.mnemonic) {
             case S86_Mnemonic_PUSH:          /*FALLTHRU*/
             case S86_Mnemonic_POP:           /*FALLTHRU*/
@@ -1299,15 +1391,11 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
             case S86_Mnemonic_CALL:          /*FALLTHRU*/
             case S86_Mnemonic_JMP:           /*FALLTHRU*/
             case S86_Mnemonic_RET:           /*FALLTHRU*/
-            case S86_Mnemonic_JE_JZ:         /*FALLTHRU*/
             case S86_Mnemonic_JL_JNGE:       /*FALLTHRU*/
             case S86_Mnemonic_JLE_JNG:       /*FALLTHRU*/
-            case S86_Mnemonic_JB_JNAE:       /*FALLTHRU*/
             case S86_Mnemonic_JBE_JNA:       /*FALLTHRU*/
-            case S86_Mnemonic_JP_JPE:        /*FALLTHRU*/
             case S86_Mnemonic_JO:            /*FALLTHRU*/
             case S86_Mnemonic_JS:            /*FALLTHRU*/
-            case S86_Mnemonic_JNE_JNZ:       /*FALLTHRU*/
             case S86_Mnemonic_JNL_JGE:       /*FALLTHRU*/
             case S86_Mnemonic_JNLE_JG:       /*FALLTHRU*/
             case S86_Mnemonic_JNB_JAE:       /*FALLTHRU*/
@@ -1315,9 +1403,7 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
             case S86_Mnemonic_JNP_JO:        /*FALLTHRU*/
             case S86_Mnemonic_JNO:           /*FALLTHRU*/
             case S86_Mnemonic_JNS:           /*FALLTHRU*/
-            case S86_Mnemonic_LOOP:          /*FALLTHRU*/
             case S86_Mnemonic_LOOPZ_LOOPE:   /*FALLTHRU*/
-            case S86_Mnemonic_LOOPNZ_LOOPNE: /*FALLTHRU*/
             case S86_Mnemonic_JCXZ:          /*FALLTHRU*/
             case S86_Mnemonic_INT:           /*FALLTHRU*/
             case S86_Mnemonic_INT3:          /*FALLTHRU*/
@@ -1336,24 +1422,18 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
             case S86_Mnemonic_SEGMENT:       break;
 
             case S86_Mnemonic_MOV: {
-                S86_MnemonicOpToRegisterFileMap const *dest_map = NULL;
-                for (size_t index = 0; !dest_map && index < S86_ARRAY_UCOUNT(mnemonic_op_to_register_file_map); index++) {
-                    S86_MnemonicOpToRegisterFileMap const *item = mnemonic_op_to_register_file_map + index;
-                    if (item->mnemonic_op == opcode.dest)
-                        dest_map = item;
-                }
-                S86_ASSERT(dest_map);
-
-                uint16_t prev_dest = dest_map->reg->word;
+                uint16_t src     = 0;
                 bool     byte_op = opcode.dest >= S86_MnemonicOp_AL && opcode.dest <= S86_MnemonicOp_BH;
                 if (opcode.src == S86_MnemonicOp_Immediate) {
                     if (byte_op) {
                         S86_ASSERT(opcode.immediate < S86_CAST(uint8_t)-1);
-                        dest_map->reg->bytes[dest_map->byte] = S86_CAST(uint8_t)opcode.immediate;
+                        src = S86_CAST(uint8_t)opcode.immediate;
                     } else {
-                        S86_ASSERT(opcode.immediate < S86_CAST(uint16_t)-1);
-                        dest_map->reg->word = S86_CAST(uint16_t)opcode.immediate;
+                        src = S86_CAST(uint16_t)opcode.immediate;
                     }
+                } else if (opcode.src == S86_MnemonicOp_DirectAddress) {
+                    S86_ASSERT(opcode.displacement >= 0);
+                    src = memory[opcode.displacement];
                 } else {
                     S86_MnemonicOpToRegisterFileMap const *src_map = NULL;
                     for (size_t index = 0; !src_map && index < S86_ARRAY_UCOUNT(mnemonic_op_to_register_file_map); index++) {
@@ -1362,14 +1442,119 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
                             src_map = item;
                     }
 
-                    if (byte_op)
-                        dest_map->reg->bytes[dest_map->byte] = src_map->reg->bytes[src_map->byte];
-                    else
-                        dest_map->reg->word = src_map->reg->word;
+                    if ((src_map->mnemonic_op >= S86_MnemonicOp_BX_SI &&
+                        src_map->mnemonic_op <= S86_MnemonicOp_BP_DI) || opcode.effective_addr == S86_EffectiveAddress_Src) {
+                        uint16_t address = 0;
+                        if (src_map->mnemonic_op == S86_MnemonicOp_BX_SI) {
+                            address = src_map->reg->word + register_file.reg.file.si.word;
+                        } else if (src_map->mnemonic_op == S86_MnemonicOp_BX_DI) {
+                            address = src_map->reg->word + register_file.reg.file.di.word;
+                        } else if (src_map->mnemonic_op == S86_MnemonicOp_BP_SI) {
+                            address = src_map->reg->word + register_file.reg.file.si.word;
+                        } else if (src_map->mnemonic_op == S86_MnemonicOp_BP_DI) {
+                            address = src_map->reg->word + register_file.reg.file.di.word;
+                        } else if (opcode.effective_addr == S86_EffectiveAddress_Src) {
+                            address = src_map->reg->word;
+                        } else {
+                            S86_ASSERT(!"Invalid code path");
+                        }
+                        src = *(uint16_t *)&memory[address];
+                    } else {
+                        src = byte_op ? src_map->reg->bytes[src_map->byte] : src_map->reg->word;
+                    }
                 }
 
-                S86_Str8 dest_reg16 = S86_MnemonicOpStr8(dest_map->mnemonic_op_reg16);
-                S86_PrintFmt(" ; %.*s:0x%x->0x%x ", S86_STR8_FMT(dest_reg16), prev_dest, dest_map->reg->word);
+                uint8_t *dest_lo = NULL;
+                uint8_t *dest_hi = NULL;
+                if (opcode.dest == S86_MnemonicOp_DirectAddress) {
+                    // NOTE: The 8086 doesn't support load to store directly 
+                    // memory to memory afaict
+                    S86_ASSERT(opcode.dest != opcode.src);
+                    S86_ASSERT(opcode.displacement >= 0);
+
+                    dest_lo = memory + opcode.displacement;
+                    dest_hi = byte_op ? NULL : memory + (opcode.displacement + 1);
+                } else {
+                    S86_MnemonicOpToRegisterFileMap const *dest_map = NULL;
+                    for (size_t index = 0; !dest_map && index < S86_ARRAY_UCOUNT(mnemonic_op_to_register_file_map); index++) {
+                        S86_MnemonicOpToRegisterFileMap const *item = mnemonic_op_to_register_file_map + index;
+                        if (item->mnemonic_op == opcode.dest)
+                            dest_map = item;
+                    }
+                    S86_ASSERT(dest_map);
+
+                    // NOTE: Effective address means we're store/load from memory
+                    // The opcode value is the address.
+                    if (opcode.effective_addr == S86_EffectiveAddress_Dest && opcode.effective_addr_loads_mem) {
+                        uint16_t address = dest_map->reg->word + S86_CAST(uint16_t)opcode.displacement;
+                        if (dest_map->mnemonic_op == S86_MnemonicOp_BX_SI) {
+                            address = dest_map->reg->word + register_file.reg.file.si.word;
+                        } else if (dest_map->mnemonic_op == S86_MnemonicOp_BX_DI) {
+                            address = dest_map->reg->word + register_file.reg.file.di.word;
+                        } else if (dest_map->mnemonic_op == S86_MnemonicOp_BP_SI) {
+                            address = dest_map->reg->word + register_file.reg.file.si.word;
+                        } else if (dest_map->mnemonic_op == S86_MnemonicOp_BP_DI) {
+                            address = dest_map->reg->word + register_file.reg.file.di.word;
+                        }
+                        dest_lo = memory + address;
+                        dest_hi = byte_op ? NULL : memory + (address + 1);
+
+                    } else {
+                        if (byte_op) {
+                            dest_lo = &dest_map->reg->bytes[dest_map->byte];
+                        } else {
+                            dest_lo = &dest_map->reg->bytes[0];
+                            dest_hi = &dest_map->reg->bytes[1];
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if (dest_lo)
+                    *dest_lo = S86_CAST(uint8_t)(src >> 0);
+                if (dest_hi)
+                    *dest_hi = S86_CAST(uint8_t)(src >> 8);
+
+                if (S86_MnemonicOpIsRegister(opcode.dest) && opcode.src == S86_MnemonicOp_Immediate && !opcode.effective_addr_loads_mem) {
+                    base_clocks = 4;
+                } else if (S86_MnemonicOpIsRegister(opcode.dest) && S86_MnemonicOpIsRegister(opcode.src) && !opcode.effective_addr_loads_mem) {
+                    base_clocks = 2;
+                } else if (S86_MnemonicOpIsRegister(opcode.dest) && opcode.src == S86_MnemonicOp_DirectAddress && opcode.effective_addr_loads_mem && opcode.effective_addr == S86_EffectiveAddress_Src) {
+                    base_clocks              = 8;
+                    effective_address_clocks = 6;
+                    if (cycle_count_8088 && opcode.wide) {
+                        transfer_penalty_clocks = 4;
+                    }
+                } else if (S86_MnemonicOpIsRegister(opcode.dest) && S86_MnemonicOpIsRegister(opcode.src) && opcode.effective_addr_loads_mem && opcode.effective_addr == S86_EffectiveAddress_Src) {
+                    base_clocks              = 8;
+                    effective_address_clocks = opcode.displacement ? 9 : 5;
+                    if (cycle_count_8088 && opcode.wide) {
+                        transfer_penalty_clocks = 4;
+                    }
+                } else if (S86_MnemonicOpIsRegister(opcode.dest) && S86_MnemonicOpIsRegister(opcode.src) && opcode.effective_addr_loads_mem && opcode.effective_addr == S86_EffectiveAddress_Dest) {
+                    base_clocks              = 9;
+                    effective_address_clocks = opcode.displacement ? 9 : 5;
+                    if (cycle_count_8088 && opcode.wide) {
+                        transfer_penalty_clocks = 4;
+                    }
+                } else if (S86_MnemonicOpIsRegister(opcode.dest) && S86_MnemonicOpIsEffectiveAddress(opcode.src) && opcode.effective_addr_loads_mem && opcode.effective_addr == S86_EffectiveAddress_Src) {
+                    base_clocks = 8;
+                    if (cycle_count_8088 && opcode.wide)
+                        transfer_penalty_clocks = 4;
+                    if (opcode.src == S86_MnemonicOp_BP_DI || opcode.src == S86_MnemonicOp_BX_SI) {
+                        effective_address_clocks = opcode.displacement ? 11 : 7;
+                    } else if (opcode.src == S86_MnemonicOp_BP_SI || opcode.src == S86_MnemonicOp_BX_DI) {
+                        effective_address_clocks = opcode.displacement ? 12 : 8;
+                    }
+                } else if (S86_MnemonicOpIsEffectiveAddress(opcode.dest) && S86_MnemonicOpIsRegister(opcode.src) && opcode.effective_addr_loads_mem && opcode.effective_addr == S86_EffectiveAddress_Dest) {
+                    base_clocks = 9;
+                    if (cycle_count_8088 && opcode.wide)
+                        transfer_penalty_clocks = 4;
+                    if (opcode.dest == S86_MnemonicOp_BP_DI || opcode.dest == S86_MnemonicOp_BX_SI) {
+                        effective_address_clocks = opcode.displacement ? 11 : 7;
+                    } else if (opcode.dest == S86_MnemonicOp_BP_SI || opcode.dest == S86_MnemonicOp_BX_DI) {
+                        effective_address_clocks = opcode.displacement ? 12 : 8;
+                    }
+                }
             } break;
 
             case S86_Mnemonic_ADD: /*FALLTHRU*/
@@ -1384,11 +1569,10 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
                 S86_ASSERT(dest_map);
 
                 bool subtract = opcode.mnemonic != S86_Mnemonic_ADD;
-                S86_Register16 dest      = *dest_map->reg;
-                S86_Register16 prev_dest = dest;
                 bool byte_op  = opcode.dest >= S86_MnemonicOp_AL && opcode.dest <= S86_MnemonicOp_BH;
 
                 uint16_t src         = 0;
+                uint16_t src_address = 0;
                 if (opcode.src == S86_MnemonicOp_Immediate) {
                     if (byte_op) {
                         S86_ASSERT(opcode.immediate < S86_CAST(uint8_t)-1);
@@ -1397,6 +1581,9 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
                         S86_ASSERT(opcode.immediate < S86_CAST(uint16_t)-1);
                         src = S86_CAST(uint16_t)opcode.immediate;
                     }
+                } else if (opcode.src == S86_MnemonicOp_DirectAddress) {
+                    S86_ASSERT(opcode.displacement >= 0);
+                    src = memory[opcode.displacement];
                 } else {
                     S86_MnemonicOpToRegisterFileMap const *src_map = NULL;
                     for (size_t index = 0; !src_map && index < S86_ARRAY_UCOUNT(mnemonic_op_to_register_file_map); index++) {
@@ -1404,19 +1591,76 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
                         if (item->mnemonic_op == opcode.src)
                             src_map = item;
                     }
+
+                    if ((src_map->mnemonic_op >= S86_MnemonicOp_BX_SI &&
+                        src_map->mnemonic_op <= S86_MnemonicOp_BP_DI) || (opcode.effective_addr == S86_EffectiveAddress_Src && opcode.effective_addr_loads_mem)) {
+                        if (src_map->mnemonic_op == S86_MnemonicOp_BX_SI) {
+                            src_address = S86_CAST(uint16_t)(src_map->reg->word + register_file.reg.file.si.word + opcode.displacement);
+                        } else if (src_map->mnemonic_op == S86_MnemonicOp_BX_DI) {
+                            src_address = S86_CAST(uint16_t)(src_map->reg->word + register_file.reg.file.di.word + opcode.displacement);
+                        } else if (src_map->mnemonic_op == S86_MnemonicOp_BP_SI) {
+                            src_address = S86_CAST(uint16_t)(src_map->reg->word + register_file.reg.file.si.word + opcode.displacement);
+                        } else if (src_map->mnemonic_op == S86_MnemonicOp_BP_DI) {
+                            src_address = S86_CAST(uint16_t)(src_map->reg->word + register_file.reg.file.di.word + opcode.displacement);
+                        } else if (opcode.effective_addr == S86_EffectiveAddress_Src) {
+                            src_address = S86_CAST(uint16_t)(src_map->reg->word + opcode.displacement);
+                        } else {
+                            S86_ASSERT(!"Invalid code path");
+                        }
+                        src = *(uint16_t *)&memory[src_address];
+                    } else {
                         src = byte_op ? src_map->reg->bytes[src_map->byte] : src_map->reg->word;
                     }
+                }
 
                 // NOTE: Overflow if the sign masks were initially the same,
                 // but, after the operation the sign masked changed.
                 uint8_t  const sign_mask8  = 0b1000'0000;
                 uint16_t const sign_mask16 = 0b1000'0000'0000'0000;
+
+                // NOTE: Effective address means we're store/load from memory
+                // The opcode value is the address.
+                S86_Register16 dummy_register = {0};
+                uint8_t *dest_lo = NULL;
+                uint8_t *dest_hi = NULL;
+                if (opcode.effective_addr == S86_EffectiveAddress_Dest && opcode.effective_addr_loads_mem) {
+                    uint16_t address = dest_map->reg->word;
+                    if (dest_map->mnemonic_op == S86_MnemonicOp_BX_SI) {
+                        address = S86_CAST(uint16_t)(dest_map->reg->word + register_file.reg.file.si.word + opcode.displacement);
+                    } else if (dest_map->mnemonic_op == S86_MnemonicOp_BX_DI) {
+                        address = S86_CAST(uint16_t)(dest_map->reg->word + register_file.reg.file.di.word + opcode.displacement);
+                    } else if (dest_map->mnemonic_op == S86_MnemonicOp_BP_SI) {
+                        address = S86_CAST(uint16_t)(dest_map->reg->word + register_file.reg.file.si.word + opcode.displacement);
+                    } else if (dest_map->mnemonic_op == S86_MnemonicOp_BP_DI) {
+                        address = S86_CAST(uint16_t)(dest_map->reg->word + register_file.reg.file.di.word + opcode.displacement);
+                    } else if (opcode.effective_addr == S86_EffectiveAddress_Dest) {
+                        address = S86_CAST(uint16_t)(dest_map->reg->word + opcode.displacement);
+                    }
+                    dest_lo = memory + address;
+                    dest_hi = byte_op ? NULL : memory + (address + 1);
+
+                } else {
+                    if (byte_op) {
+                        dest_lo = &dest_map->reg->bytes[dest_map->byte];
+                    } else {
+                        dest_lo = &dest_map->reg->bytes[0];
+                        dest_hi = &dest_map->reg->bytes[1];
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if (opcode.mnemonic == S86_Mnemonic_CMP) {
+                    dummy_register.bytes[0] = *dest_lo;
+                    dummy_register.bytes[1] = *dest_hi;
+                    dest_lo = &dummy_register.bytes[0];
+                    dest_hi = &dummy_register.bytes[1];
+                }
+
                 if (byte_op) {
                     uint8_t src_u8 = S86_CAST(uint8_t)src;
                     if (subtract)
                         src_u8 = ~src_u8 + 1;
 
-                    uint8_t dest_u8     = dest.bytes[dest_map->byte];
+                    uint8_t dest_u8     = *dest_lo;
                     uint8_t new_dest_u8 = dest_u8 + src_u8;
 
                     // NOTE: Overflow check
@@ -1439,66 +1683,174 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
                     register_file.flags.sign = new_dest_u8 & 0b1000'0000;
 
                     // NOTE: Update the register
-                    dest.bytes[dest_map->byte] = new_dest_u8;
+                    *dest_lo = new_dest_u8;
                 } else {
                     if (subtract)
                         src = ~src + 1;
 
+                    uint16_t dest_word = *(uint16_t *)dest_lo;
                     S86_Register16 new_dest = {0};
-                    new_dest.word           = dest.word + src;
+                    new_dest.word           = dest_word + src;
 
                     // NOTE: Overflow check
-                    bool initially_matching_sign_masks = (dest.word & sign_mask16) == (src           & sign_mask16);
-                    bool sign_masks_changed            = (dest.word & sign_mask16) != (new_dest.word & sign_mask16);
+                    bool initially_matching_sign_masks = (dest_word & sign_mask16) == (src           & sign_mask16);
+                    bool sign_masks_changed            = (dest_word & sign_mask16) != (new_dest.word & sign_mask16);
                     register_file.flags.overflow       = initially_matching_sign_masks && sign_masks_changed;
 
                     // NOTE: Auxiliary carry check
-                    uint8_t     dest_lo_nibble_lo =     dest.bytes[S86_RegisterByte_Lo] & 0b0000'1111 >> 0;
-                    uint8_t     dest_lo_nibble_hi =     dest.bytes[S86_RegisterByte_Lo] & 0b1111'0000 >> 4;
+                    uint8_t     dest_lo_nibble_lo = *dest_lo & 0b0000'1111 >> 0;
+                    uint8_t     dest_lo_nibble_hi = *dest_lo & 0b1111'0000 >> 4;
                     uint8_t new_dest_lo_nibble_lo = new_dest.bytes[S86_RegisterByte_Lo] & 0b0000'1111 >> 0;
                     uint8_t new_dest_lo_nibble_hi = new_dest.bytes[S86_RegisterByte_Lo] & 0b1111'0000 >> 4;
                     register_file.flags.auxiliary_carry = subtract ? new_dest_lo_nibble_hi > dest_lo_nibble_hi
                                                                    : new_dest_lo_nibble_lo < dest_lo_nibble_lo;
 
                     // NOTE: Carry check
-                    register_file.flags.carry = subtract ? new_dest.word > dest.word : new_dest.word < dest.word;
+                    register_file.flags.carry = subtract ? new_dest.word > dest_word : new_dest.word < dest_word;
 
                     // NOTE: Sign check
                     register_file.flags.sign = new_dest.word & 0b1000'0000'0000'0000;
 
                     // NOTE: Update the register
-                    dest.word = new_dest.word;
+                    *dest_lo = new_dest.bytes[0];
+                    *dest_hi = new_dest.bytes[1];
                 }
 
-                int lo_bit_count           = _mm_popcnt_u32(S86_CAST(uint32_t)dest.bytes[S86_RegisterByte_Lo]);
+                int lo_bit_count           = _mm_popcnt_u32(S86_CAST(uint32_t)*dest_lo);
                 register_file.flags.parity = lo_bit_count % 2 == 0;
-                register_file.flags.zero   = false;
-                if (opcode.mnemonic == S86_Mnemonic_ADD || opcode.mnemonic == S86_Mnemonic_SUB)
-                    register_file.flags.zero = byte_op ? dest.bytes[dest_map->byte] == 0 : dest.word == 0;
+                register_file.flags.zero   = byte_op ? *dest_lo == 0 : *(uint16_t*)dest_lo == 0;
 
-                if (opcode.mnemonic == S86_Mnemonic_CMP) {
-                    S86_PrintFmt(" ; ");
-                } else {
-                    S86_Str8 dest_reg16 = S86_MnemonicOpStr8(dest_map->mnemonic_op_reg16);
-                    S86_PrintFmt(" ; %.*s:0x%x->0x%x ", S86_STR8_FMT(dest_reg16), prev_dest.word, dest.word);
-                    *dest_map->reg = dest;
+                if (S86_MnemonicOpIsRegister(opcode.dest) && S86_MnemonicOpIsRegister(opcode.src) && opcode.effective_addr == S86_EffectiveAddress_None) {
+                    base_clocks = 3;
+                } else if (S86_MnemonicOpIsRegister(opcode.dest) && S86_MnemonicOpIsRegister(opcode.src) && opcode.effective_addr == S86_EffectiveAddress_Dest) {
+                    base_clocks              = 16;
+                    effective_address_clocks = opcode.displacement ? 9 : 5;
+                    if (cycle_count_8088) {
+                        if (opcode.wide) {
+                            transfer_penalty_clocks = 8;
                         }
+                    } else {
+                        if ((uintptr_t)dest_lo & 1) {
+                            transfer_penalty_clocks = 8;
+                        }
+                    }
+                } else if (S86_MnemonicOpIsRegister(opcode.dest) && opcode.src == S86_MnemonicOp_Immediate) {
+                    base_clocks = 4;
+                } else if (S86_MnemonicOpIsEffectiveAddress(opcode.dest) && opcode.src == S86_MnemonicOp_Immediate && opcode.effective_addr_loads_mem) {
+                    base_clocks = 17;
+                    if (cycle_count_8088 && opcode.wide)
+                        transfer_penalty_clocks = 8;
+                    if (opcode.dest == S86_MnemonicOp_BP_DI || opcode.dest == S86_MnemonicOp_BX_SI) {
+                        effective_address_clocks = opcode.displacement ? 11 : 7;
+                    } else if (opcode.dest == S86_MnemonicOp_BP_SI || opcode.dest == S86_MnemonicOp_BX_DI) {
+                        effective_address_clocks = opcode.displacement ? 12 : 8;
+                    }
+                } else if (S86_MnemonicOpIsRegister(opcode.dest) && S86_MnemonicOpIsEffectiveAddress(opcode.src) && opcode.effective_addr_loads_mem && opcode.effective_addr == S86_EffectiveAddress_Src) {
+                    base_clocks = 9;
+                    if (cycle_count_8088) {
+                        if (opcode.wide) {
+                            transfer_penalty_clocks = 4;
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        if (src_address & 1) {
+                            transfer_penalty_clocks = 4;
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    if (opcode.src == S86_MnemonicOp_BP_DI || opcode.src == S86_MnemonicOp_BX_SI) {
+                        effective_address_clocks = opcode.displacement ? 11 : 7;
+                    } else if (opcode.src == S86_MnemonicOp_BP_SI || opcode.src == S86_MnemonicOp_BX_DI) {
+                        effective_address_clocks = opcode.displacement ? 12 : 8;
+                    }
+                }
+            } break;
+
+            case S86_Mnemonic_JNE_JNZ: {
+                if (!register_file.flags.zero)
+                    register_file.instruction_ptr += S86_CAST(int16_t)opcode.displacement;
+            } break;
+
+            case S86_Mnemonic_JE_JZ: {
+                if (register_file.flags.zero)
+                    register_file.instruction_ptr += S86_CAST(int16_t)opcode.displacement;
+            } break;
+
+            case S86_Mnemonic_JP_JPE: {
+                if (register_file.flags.parity)
+                    register_file.instruction_ptr += S86_CAST(int16_t)opcode.displacement;
+            } break;
+
+            case S86_Mnemonic_JB_JNAE: {
+                if (register_file.flags.carry)
+                    register_file.instruction_ptr += S86_CAST(int16_t)opcode.displacement;
+            } break;
+
+            case S86_Mnemonic_LOOP: {
+                register_file.reg.file.cx.word -= 1;
+                if (register_file.reg.file.cx.word != 0)
+                    register_file.instruction_ptr += S86_CAST(int16_t)opcode.displacement;
+            } break;
+
+            case S86_Mnemonic_LOOPNZ_LOOPNE: {
+                register_file.reg.file.cx.word -= 1;
+                if (register_file.reg.file.cx.word != 0 && !register_file.flags.zero)
+                    register_file.instruction_ptr += S86_CAST(int16_t)opcode.displacement;
             } break;
         }
 
-        if (!S86_RegisterFileFlagsEq(register_file.flags, prev_flags)) {
+        clocks_counter += base_clocks + effective_address_clocks + transfer_penalty_clocks;
+
+        // NOTE: Printing ==========================================================================
+        S86_PrintFmt(" ; ");
+
+        // NOTE: Clocks
+        if (log_cycle_counts) {
+            S86_PrintFmt("Clocks: +%u = %u", base_clocks + effective_address_clocks + transfer_penalty_clocks, clocks_counter);
+            if (effective_address_clocks || transfer_penalty_clocks) {
+                S86_PrintFmt(" (%u", base_clocks);
+                if (effective_address_clocks)
+                    S86_PrintFmt(" + %uea", effective_address_clocks);
+                if (transfer_penalty_clocks)
+                    S86_PrintFmt(" + %up", transfer_penalty_clocks);
+                S86_PrintFmt(")");
+            }
+            S86_PrintFmt(" | ");
+        }
+
+        // NOTE: Registers
+        for (size_t index = 0; index < S86_RegisterFileRegArray_Count; index++) {
+            if (register_file.reg.array[index].word != prev_register_file.reg.array[index].word) {
+                S86_Str8 label = S86_RegisterFileRegArrayStr8(index);
+                S86_PrintFmt("%.*s:0x%x->0x%x ",
+                             S86_STR8_FMT(label),
+                             prev_register_file.reg.array[index].word,
+                             register_file.reg.array[index].word);
+
+                // NOTE: In 8086, instructions can only change one register at a
+                // time. Once we find the first delta in the register file, we
+                // exit.
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // NOTE: Instruction Pointer
+        if (log_instruction_ptr)
+            S86_PrintFmt("ip:0x%x->0x%x ", prev_ip, register_file.instruction_ptr);
+
+        // NOTE: Flags
+        if (!S86_RegisterFileFlagsEq(register_file.flags, prev_register_file.flags)) {
             S86_PrintFmt("flags:");
-            if (prev_flags.carry)
+            if (prev_register_file.flags.carry)
                 S86_PrintFmt("C");
-            if (prev_flags.parity)
+            if (prev_register_file.flags.parity)
                 S86_PrintFmt("P");
-            if (prev_flags.auxiliary_carry)
+            if (prev_register_file.flags.auxiliary_carry)
                 S86_PrintFmt("A");
-            if (prev_flags.zero)
+            if (prev_register_file.flags.zero)
                 S86_PrintFmt("Z");
-            if (prev_flags.sign)
+            if (prev_register_file.flags.sign)
                 S86_PrintFmt("S");
-            if (prev_flags.overflow)
+            if (prev_register_file.flags.overflow)
                 S86_PrintFmt("O");
 
             S86_PrintFmt("->");
@@ -1516,33 +1868,37 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
                 S86_PrintFmt("O");
             S86_PrintFmt(" ");
         }
+
         S86_Print(S86_STR8("\n"));
     }
 
     if (exec_mode) {
         S86_PrintLn(S86_STR8("\nFinal registers:"));
-        if (register_file.ax.word)
-            S86_PrintLnFmt("      ax: 0x%04x (%u)", register_file.ax.word, register_file.ax.word);
-        if (register_file.bx.word)
-            S86_PrintLnFmt("      bx: 0x%04x (%u)", register_file.bx.word, register_file.bx.word);
-        if (register_file.cx.word)
-            S86_PrintLnFmt("      cx: 0x%04x (%u)", register_file.cx.word, register_file.cx.word);
-        if (register_file.dx.word)
-            S86_PrintLnFmt("      dx: 0x%04x (%u)", register_file.dx.word, register_file.dx.word);
-        if (register_file.sp.word)
-            S86_PrintLnFmt("      sp: 0x%04x (%u)", register_file.sp.word, register_file.sp.word);
-        if (register_file.bp.word)
-            S86_PrintLnFmt("      bp: 0x%04x (%u)", register_file.bp.word, register_file.bp.word);
-        if (register_file.si.word)
-            S86_PrintLnFmt("      si: 0x%04x (%u)", register_file.si.word, register_file.si.word);
-        if (register_file.di.word)
-            S86_PrintLnFmt("      di: 0x%04x (%u)", register_file.di.word, register_file.di.word);
-        if (register_file.es.word)
-            S86_PrintLnFmt("      es: 0x%04x (%u)", register_file.es, register_file.es);
-        if (register_file.ss.word)
-            S86_PrintLnFmt("      ss: 0x%04x (%u)", register_file.ss, register_file.ss);
-        if (register_file.ds.word)
-            S86_PrintLnFmt("      ds: 0x%04x (%u)", register_file.ds, register_file.ds);
+        if (register_file.reg.file.ax.word)
+            S86_PrintLnFmt("      ax: 0x%04x (%u)", register_file.reg.file.ax.word, register_file.reg.file.ax.word);
+        if (register_file.reg.file.bx.word)
+            S86_PrintLnFmt("      bx: 0x%04x (%u)", register_file.reg.file.bx.word, register_file.reg.file.bx.word);
+        if (register_file.reg.file.cx.word)
+            S86_PrintLnFmt("      cx: 0x%04x (%u)", register_file.reg.file.cx.word, register_file.reg.file.cx.word);
+        if (register_file.reg.file.dx.word)
+            S86_PrintLnFmt("      dx: 0x%04x (%u)", register_file.reg.file.dx.word, register_file.reg.file.dx.word);
+        if (register_file.reg.file.sp.word)
+            S86_PrintLnFmt("      sp: 0x%04x (%u)", register_file.reg.file.sp.word, register_file.reg.file.sp.word);
+        if (register_file.reg.file.bp.word)
+            S86_PrintLnFmt("      bp: 0x%04x (%u)", register_file.reg.file.bp.word, register_file.reg.file.bp.word);
+        if (register_file.reg.file.si.word)
+            S86_PrintLnFmt("      si: 0x%04x (%u)", register_file.reg.file.si.word, register_file.reg.file.si.word);
+        if (register_file.reg.file.di.word)
+            S86_PrintLnFmt("      di: 0x%04x (%u)", register_file.reg.file.di.word, register_file.reg.file.di.word);
+        if (register_file.reg.file.es.word)
+            S86_PrintLnFmt("      es: 0x%04x (%u)", register_file.reg.file.es.word, register_file.reg.file.es.word);
+        if (register_file.reg.file.ss.word)
+            S86_PrintLnFmt("      ss: 0x%04x (%u)", register_file.reg.file.ss.word, register_file.reg.file.ss.word);
+        if (register_file.reg.file.ds.word)
+            S86_PrintLnFmt("      ds: 0x%04x (%u)", register_file.reg.file.ds.word, register_file.reg.file.ds.word);
+
+        if (log_instruction_ptr)
+            S86_PrintLnFmt("      ip: 0x%04x (%u)", register_file.instruction_ptr, register_file.instruction_ptr);
 
         S86_RegisterFileFlags nil_flags = {0};
         if (!S86_RegisterFileFlagsEq(register_file.flags, nil_flags)) {
@@ -1563,4 +1919,10 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
         }
         S86_Print(S86_STR8("\n"));
     }
+
+    if (dump) {
+        char buf[1024];
+        snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%s_mem_dump.data", file_name);
+        S86_FileWrite(buf, memory, S86_MEMORY_SIZE);
+    }
 }

part1/sim8086.h

@@ -307,6 +307,7 @@ typedef enum S86_MnemonicOp {
 
     S86_MnemonicOp_DirectInterSegment,
     S86_MnemonicOp_Jump,
+    S86_MnemonicOp_Count,
 } S86_MnemonicOp;
 
 typedef enum S86_EffectiveAddress {
@@ -315,32 +316,105 @@ typedef enum S86_EffectiveAddress {
     S86_EffectiveAddress_Dest,
 } S86_EffectiveAddress;
 
-typedef enum S86_WidePrefix {
-    S86_WidePrefix_None,
-    S86_WidePrefix_Src,
-    S86_WidePrefix_Dest,
-} S86_WidePrefix;
+typedef enum S86_WordBytePrefix {
+    S86_WordBytePrefix_None,
+    S86_WordBytePrefix_Byte,
+    S86_WordBytePrefix_Word,
+} S86_WordBytePrefix;
 
 typedef struct S86_Opcode {
+    S86_OpDecodeType     type;
+    uint8_t              byte_size;                ///< Number of bytes used to encode this opcode
     S86_Mnemonic         mnemonic;                 ///< Mnemonic type
     S86_EffectiveAddress effective_addr;           ///< Src/dest op is an effective address calculation
     bool                 effective_addr_loads_mem; ///< Effective address uses '[]' notation to load address memory
     bool                 lock_prefix;              ///< Prefix the opcode with "lock" instruction
     bool                 rep_prefix;               ///< Prefix the opcode with "rep" instruction
     bool                 wide;                     ///< Opcode has the 'w' flag set
-    S86_WidePrefix       wide_prefix;              ///< Mnemonic src/dest op requires a 'word' or 'byte' prefix (e.g. ambiguous immediate size)
+    S86_WordBytePrefix   word_byte_prefix;         ///< Opcode has the 'word' or 'byte' prefix
     S86_MnemonicOp       src;                      ///< Source op for the mnemonic
     S86_MnemonicOp       dest;                     ///< Destination op for the mnemonic
     int32_t              displacement;             ///< Opcode has displacement/data/offset
     int32_t              immediate;                ///< Immediate value when src/dest op is an immediate
     bool                 immediate_is_8bit;        ///< Immediate was 8bit and sign extended
     S86_MnemonicOp       seg_reg_prefix;           ///< Segment register that should prefix the upcoming instruction
+    uint32_t             base_clocks;              ///< Number of cycles required to complete this operation
+    uint32_t             effective_address_clocks; ///< Number of cycles required to complete this operation
+    uint32_t             transfer_penalty_clocks;  ///< Number of extra cycles required to complete a word transfer
 } S86_Opcode;
 
+typedef enum S86_RegisterByte {
+    S86_RegisterByte_Lo,
+    S86_RegisterByte_Hi,
+    S86_RegisterByte_Count,
+    S86_RegisterByte_Nil,
+} S86_RegisterByte;
+
+typedef union S86_Register16 {
+    uint16_t word;
+    uint8_t bytes[S86_RegisterByte_Count];
+} S86_Register16;
+
+typedef struct S86_RegisterFileFlags {
+    bool carry;
+    bool zero;
+    bool sign;
+    bool overflow;
+    bool parity;
+    bool auxiliary_carry;
+} S86_RegisterFileFlags;
+
+typedef enum S86_RegisterFileRegArray {
+    S86_RegisterFileRegArray_AX,
+    S86_RegisterFileRegArray_BX,
+    S86_RegisterFileRegArray_CX,
+    S86_RegisterFileRegArray_DX,
+
+    S86_RegisterFileRegArray_SP,
+    S86_RegisterFileRegArray_BP,
+    S86_RegisterFileRegArray_SI,
+    S86_RegisterFileRegArray_DI,
+
+    S86_RegisterFileRegArray_ES,
+    S86_RegisterFileRegArray_CS,
+    S86_RegisterFileRegArray_SS,
+    S86_RegisterFileRegArray_DS,
+    S86_RegisterFileRegArray_Count,
+} S86_RegisterFileRegArray;
+
+typedef struct S86_RegisterFile {
+    S86_RegisterFileFlags flags;
+    uint16_t              instruction_ptr;
+
+    union {
+        struct {
+            S86_Register16 ax;
+            S86_Register16 bx;
+            S86_Register16 cx;
+            S86_Register16 dx;
+
+            S86_Register16 sp;
+            S86_Register16 bp;
+            S86_Register16 si;
+            S86_Register16 di;
+
+            S86_Register16 es;
+            S86_Register16 cs;
+            S86_Register16 ss;
+            S86_Register16 ds;
+        } file;
+        S86_Register16 array[S86_RegisterFileRegArray_Count];
+    } reg;
+} S86_RegisterFile;
+
+bool           S86_RegisterFileFlagsEq     (S86_RegisterFileFlags lhs, S86_RegisterFileFlags rhs);
 S86_Str8       S86_MnemonicStr8            (S86_Mnemonic type);
 S86_MnemonicOp S86_MnemonicOpFromWReg      (bool w, uint8_t reg);
 S86_MnemonicOp S86_MnemonicOpFromSR        (uint8_t sr);
 S86_Str8       S86_MnemonicOpStr8          (S86_MnemonicOp type);
+bool           S86_MnemonicOpIsAccumulator (S86_MnemonicOp type);
+bool           S86_MnemonicOpIsRegister    (S86_MnemonicOp type);
+S86_Str8       S86_RegisterFileRegArrayStr8(S86_RegisterFileRegArray type);
 void           S86_PrintOpcodeMnemonicOp   (S86_Opcode opcode, bool src);
 void           S86_PrintOpcode             (S86_Opcode opcode);
 void           S86_DecodeEffectiveAddr     (S86_Opcode *opcode, S86_BufferIterator *it, uint8_t rm, uint8_t mod, uint8_t w);

part1/sim8086_stdlib.c

@@ -111,6 +111,42 @@ void S86_FileFree(S86_Buffer buffer)
         VirtualFree(buffer.data, 0, MEM_RELEASE);
 }
 
+bool S86_FileWrite(char const *file_path, void const *buffer, size_t buffer_size)
+{
+    bool result = false;
+
+    // NOTE: Open file
+    // =========================================================================
+    HANDLE file_handle = CreateFile(
+      /*LPCSTR                lpFileName*/ file_path,
+      /*DWORD                 dwDesiredAccess*/ GENERIC_WRITE,
+      /*DWORD                 dwShareMode*/ 0,
+      /*LPSECURITY_ATTRIBUTES lpSecurityAttributes*/ NULL,
+      /*DWORD                 dwCreationDisposition*/ CREATE_ALWAYS,
+      /*DWORD                 dwFlagsAndAttributes*/ 0,
+      /*HANDLE                hTemplateFile*/ NULL
+    );
+
+    if (file_handle == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
+        return result;
+
+    // NOTE: Write file to disk
+    // =========================================================================
+    DWORD bytes_written = 0;
+    BOOL write_file_result = WriteFile(
+      /*HANDLE       hFile*/ file_handle,
+      /*LPVOID       lpBuffer*/ buffer,
+      /*DWORD        nNumberOfBytesToWrite*/ S86_CAST(DWORD)buffer_size,
+      /*LPDWORD      lpNumberOfBytesWrite*/ &bytes_written,
+      /*LPOVERLAPPED lpOverlapped*/ NULL
+    );
+
+    S86_ASSERT(bytes_written == buffer_size);
+    result = write_file_result && bytes_written == buffer_size;
+    CloseHandle(file_handle);
+    return result;
+};
+
 void S86_Print(S86_Str8 string)
 {
     if (s86_globals.stdout_handle == NULL) {

part1/sim8086_stdlib.h

@@ -53,6 +53,7 @@ uint8_t S86_BufferIteratorNextByte(S86_BufferIterator *it);
 // ============================================================================
 S86_Buffer S86_FileRead(char const *file_path);
 void S86_FileFree(S86_Buffer buffer);
+bool S86_FileWrite(char const *file_path, void const *buffer, size_t buffer_size);
 
 // NOTE: Print
 // ============================================================================

part2/haversine.c

@@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
+
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <Windows.h>
+#include <math.h>
+
+#include "haversine_stdlib.h"
+#include "listing_0065_haversine_formula.cpp"
+#include "listing_0074_platform_metrics.cpp"
+#include "haversine_stdlib.c"
+
+typedef struct Str8FindResult {
+    bool     found;
+    HAV_Str8 match;
+    HAV_Str8 match_to_end_of_buffer;
+} Str8FindResult;
+
+static Str8FindResult FindFirstCharThatLooksLikeANumber(HAV_Str8 buffer)
+{
+    Str8FindResult result = {0};
+    for (size_t index = 0; !result.found && index < buffer.size; index++) {
+        if (HAV_CharIsDigit(buffer.data[index]) || buffer.data[index] == '+' || buffer.data[index] == '-') {
+            result.found                  = true;
+            result.match                  = (HAV_Str8){.data = buffer.data + index, .size = 1};
+            result.match_to_end_of_buffer = (HAV_Str8){.data = result.match.data,   .size = buffer.size - index};
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+static f64 StringToF64(HAV_Str8 value)
+{
+    f64 result = 0.f;
+    Str8FindResult find_result = FindFirstCharThatLooksLikeANumber(value);
+    if (!find_result.found)
+        return result;
+
+    bool negative = false;
+    HAV_Str8 real_number_string = find_result.match_to_end_of_buffer;
+    if (find_result.match.data[0] == '+' || find_result.match.data[0] == '-') {
+        negative = find_result.match.data[0] == '-';
+        real_number_string.data++;
+        real_number_string.size--;
+    }
+
+    HAV_Str8BinarySplitResult number_split = HAV_Str8_BinarySplit(real_number_string, HAV_STR8("."));
+    HAV_Str8 integer_part                  = number_split.lhs;
+    HAV_Str8 decimal_part                  = number_split.rhs;
+
+    uint64_t integer_part_as_u64 = 0;
+    for (size_t index = 0; index < integer_part.size; index++) {
+        integer_part_as_u64 *= 10;
+        integer_part_as_u64 += integer_part.data[index] - '0';
+    }
+
+    uint64_t decimal_part_as_u64 = 0;
+    uint64_t decimal_magnitude   = 1;
+    for (size_t index = 0; index < decimal_part.size; index++) {
+        decimal_part_as_u64 *= 10;
+        decimal_part_as_u64 += decimal_part.data[index] - '0';
+        decimal_magnitude   *= 10;
+    }
+
+    typedef union FU64 {
+        f64      f64_value;
+        uint64_t u64_value;
+    } FU64;
+
+    FU64 fu64      = {0};
+    fu64.f64_value = HAV_CAST(f64)integer_part_as_u64 + (HAV_CAST(f64)decimal_part_as_u64 / decimal_magnitude);
+    if (negative) {
+        fu64.u64_value |= (1ULL << 63);
+    }
+    return fu64.f64_value;
+}
+
+#define PRINT_USAGE HAV_PrintLnFmt("Usage: %s [haversine_input.json] [answers.f64]", argv[0])
+int main(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+    // NOTE: Arg Parsing
+    // =========================================================================
+    if (argc != 2 && argc != 3) {
+        PRINT_USAGE;
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    g_profiler.begin_tsc = ReadCPUTimer();
+    HAV_Str8 arg_json    = {argv[1], strlen(argv[1])};
+    HAV_Str8 arg_answers = {0};
+    if (argc == 3)
+        arg_answers = (HAV_Str8){.data = argv[2], .size = strlen(argv[2])};
+
+    HAV_Buffer json_buffer = HAV_FileRead(arg_json.data);
+    if (!HAV_BufferIsValid(json_buffer))
+        return 0;
+
+    HAV_ProfilerZone prof_parse_and_sum_zone = HAV_Profiler_BeginZone("Parse&Hav Sum");
+    f64 haversine_sum = 0;
+    size_t pair_count = 0;
+    HAV_Str8 json_it  = (HAV_Str8){.data = json_buffer.data, .size = json_buffer.size};
+    for (;; pair_count++) {
+        f64 x0 = 0.f, y0 = 0.f, x1 = 0.f, y1 = 0.f;
+        HAV_ProfilerZone prof_json_parse_zone = HAV_Profiler_BeginZoneBandwidth("Parse", json_it.size);
+        HAV_Str8BinarySplitResult x0_key = HAV_Str8_BinarySplit(json_it, HAV_STR8("x0"));
+        if (x0_key.rhs.size) {
+            Str8FindResult            x0_find_value = FindFirstCharThatLooksLikeANumber(x0_key.rhs);
+            HAV_Str8BinarySplitResult x0_value      = HAV_Str8_BinarySplit(x0_find_value.match_to_end_of_buffer, HAV_STR8(","));
+
+            HAV_Str8BinarySplitResult y0_key        = HAV_Str8_BinarySplit(x0_value.rhs, HAV_STR8("y0"));
+            Str8FindResult            y0_find_value = FindFirstCharThatLooksLikeANumber(y0_key.rhs);
+            HAV_Str8BinarySplitResult y0_value      = HAV_Str8_BinarySplit(y0_find_value.match_to_end_of_buffer, HAV_STR8(","));
+
+            HAV_Str8BinarySplitResult x1_key        = HAV_Str8_BinarySplit(y0_value.rhs, HAV_STR8("x1"));
+            Str8FindResult            x1_find_value = FindFirstCharThatLooksLikeANumber(x1_key.rhs);
+            HAV_Str8BinarySplitResult x1_value      = HAV_Str8_BinarySplit(x1_find_value.match_to_end_of_buffer, HAV_STR8(","));
+
+            HAV_Str8BinarySplitResult y1_key        = HAV_Str8_BinarySplit(x1_value.rhs, HAV_STR8("y1"));
+            Str8FindResult            y1_find_value = FindFirstCharThatLooksLikeANumber(y1_key.rhs);
+            HAV_Str8BinarySplitResult y1_value      = HAV_Str8_BinarySplit(y1_find_value.match_to_end_of_buffer, HAV_STR8("}"));
+
+            x0 = StringToF64(x0_value.lhs);
+            y0 = StringToF64(y0_value.lhs);
+            x1 = StringToF64(x1_value.lhs);
+            y1 = StringToF64(y1_value.lhs);
+
+            json_it = y1_value.rhs;
+        }
+        #if 0
+        HAV_PrintLnFmt("{x0: %.*s (%f), y0: %.*s (%f), x1 %.*s (%f), y1: %.*s (%f)}",
+                       HAV_STR8_FMT(x0_value.lhs), x0,
+                       HAV_STR8_FMT(y0_value.lhs), y0,
+                       HAV_STR8_FMT(x1_value.lhs), x1,
+                       HAV_STR8_FMT(y1_value.lhs), y1);
+        #endif
+
+        HAV_Profiler_EndZone(prof_json_parse_zone);
+        if (!x0_key.rhs.size)
+            break;
+
+        HAV_ProfilerZone prof_haversine_sum_zone = HAV_Profiler_BeginZoneBandwidth("Hav Sum", sizeof(x0) + sizeof(y0) + sizeof(x1) + sizeof(y1));
+        f64 haversine_dist = ReferenceHaversine(x0, y0, x1, y1, /*EarthRadius*/ 6372.8);
+        haversine_sum     += haversine_dist;
+        HAV_Profiler_EndZone(prof_haversine_sum_zone);
+    }
+    HAV_Profiler_EndZone(prof_parse_and_sum_zone);
+
+    haversine_sum /= pair_count;
+    size_t input_size = json_buffer.size;
+    HAV_PrintLnFmt("Input size: %zu", input_size);
+    HAV_PrintLnFmt("Pair count: %zu", pair_count);
+    HAV_PrintLnFmt("Haversine sum: %f", haversine_sum);
+
+    if (arg_answers.size) {
+        HAV_Buffer answers_buffer = HAV_FileRead(arg_answers.data);
+        if (HAV_BufferIsValid(answers_buffer)) {
+            HAV_ASSERT(answers_buffer.size == (pair_count * sizeof(f64)) + /*Reference Sum*/ sizeof(f64));
+
+            f64 reference_haversine_sum = 0;
+            memcpy(&reference_haversine_sum, answers_buffer.data + (pair_count * sizeof(f64)), sizeof(reference_haversine_sum));
+
+            f64 difference = reference_haversine_sum - haversine_sum;
+            HAV_PrintLn(HAV_STR8("\nValidation: "));
+            HAV_PrintLnFmt("Reference sum: %f", reference_haversine_sum);
+            HAV_PrintLnFmt("Difference: %f", difference);
+        }
+    }
+
+    g_profiler.end_tsc = ReadCPUTimer();
+    HAV_Profiler_Dump();
+    return 0;
+}

part2/haversine_generator.c

@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <Windows.h>
+#include <math.h>
+
+#include "haversine_stdlib.h"
+#include "listing_0074_platform_metrics.cpp"
+#include "listing_0065_haversine_formula.cpp"
+#include "haversine_stdlib.c"
+
+#define PRINT_USAGE HAV_PrintLnFmt("Usage: %s [uniform/cluster] [random seed] [number of coordinate pairs to generate]", argv[0])
+int main(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+    // NOTE: Unit Tests
+    // =========================================================================
+    {
+        {
+            HAV_Str8ToU64Result result = HAV_Str8_ToU64(HAV_STR8("00"));
+            HAV_ASSERT(result.success);
+            HAV_ASSERT(result.value == 0);
+        }
+
+        {
+            HAV_Str8ToU64Result result = HAV_Str8_ToU64(HAV_STR8("+100"));
+            HAV_ASSERT(!result.success);
+        }
+
+        {
+            HAV_Str8ToU64Result result = HAV_Str8_ToU64(HAV_STR8("100,0"));
+            HAV_ASSERT(!result.success);
+        }
+
+        {
+            HAV_Str8ToU64Result result = HAV_Str8_ToU64(HAV_STR8("100a"));
+            HAV_ASSERT(!result.success);
+        }
+
+        {
+            HAV_Str8ToU64Result result = HAV_Str8_ToU64(HAV_STR8("3147"));
+            HAV_ASSERT(result.success);
+            HAV_ASSERT(result.value == 3147);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // NOTE: Arg Parsing
+    // =========================================================================
+    if (argc != 4) {
+        PRINT_USAGE;
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    HAV_Str8 arg_uniform_cluster                        = {argv[1], strlen(argv[1])};
+    HAV_Str8 arg_random_seed                            = {argv[2], strlen(argv[2])};
+    HAV_Str8 arg_number_of_coordinate_pairs_to_generate = {argv[3], strlen(argv[3])};
+
+    typedef enum PointGenerator {
+        PointGenerator_Invalid,
+        PointGenerator_Uniform,
+        PointGenerator_Cluster,
+    } PointGenerator;
+
+    HAV_Str8ToU64Result random_seed_u64_result                            = HAV_Str8_ToU64(arg_random_seed);
+    HAV_Str8ToU64Result number_of_coordinate_pairs_to_generate_u64_result = HAV_Str8_ToU64(arg_number_of_coordinate_pairs_to_generate);
+    PointGenerator      point_generator                                   = PointGenerator_Invalid;
+
+    if (HAV_Str8_Equals(arg_uniform_cluster, HAV_STR8("uniform"))) {
+        point_generator = PointGenerator_Uniform;
+    } else if (HAV_Str8_Equals(arg_uniform_cluster, HAV_STR8("cluster"))) {
+        point_generator = PointGenerator_Cluster;
+    } else {
+        PRINT_USAGE;
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    if (!random_seed_u64_result.success) {
+        HAV_PrintLnFmt("Random seed was not a valid U64 value [seed=%.*s]", HAV_STR8_FMT(arg_random_seed));
+        PRINT_USAGE;
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    if (!number_of_coordinate_pairs_to_generate_u64_result.success) {
+        HAV_PrintLnFmt("Number of coordinate pairs to generate was not a valid U64 value [seed=%.*s]", HAV_STR8_FMT(arg_number_of_coordinate_pairs_to_generate));
+        PRINT_USAGE;
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    uint32_t const MAX_COORD_PAIRS = 100'000'000;
+    if (number_of_coordinate_pairs_to_generate_u64_result.value > MAX_COORD_PAIRS) {
+        HAV_PrintLnFmt("Maximum number of coordinate pairs exceeded, exiting to avoid accidental large files [requested=%zu, max=%zu]",
+                       number_of_coordinate_pairs_to_generate_u64_result.value,
+                       MAX_COORD_PAIRS);
+        PRINT_USAGE;
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    // NOTE: Generator
+    // =========================================================================
+    uint64_t point_count = number_of_coordinate_pairs_to_generate_u64_result.value;
+    uint64_t random_seed = random_seed_u64_result.value;
+    uint64_t rng_state   = random_seed;
+
+    char json_file_name[1024];
+    char answers_file_name[1024];
+    snprintf(json_file_name,    sizeof(json_file_name), "haversine_%zu_%s_%zu.json", point_count, point_generator == PointGenerator_Cluster ? "cluster" : "uniform", random_seed);
+    snprintf(answers_file_name, sizeof(json_file_name), "haversine_%zu_%s_%zu.f64",  point_count, point_generator == PointGenerator_Cluster ? "cluster" : "uniform", random_seed);
+
+    HANDLE haversine_json_file_handle = CreateFile(
+      /*LPCSTR                lpFileName*/            json_file_name,
+      /*DWORD                 dwDesiredAccess*/       GENERIC_WRITE,
+      /*DWORD                 dwShareMode*/           0,
+      /*LPSECURITY_ATTRIBUTES lpSecurityAttributes*/  NULL,
+      /*DWORD                 dwCreationDisposition*/ CREATE_ALWAYS,
+      /*DWORD                 dwFlagsAndAttributes*/  0,
+      /*HANDLE                hTemplateFile*/         NULL
+    );
+
+    HANDLE haversine_f64_file_handle = CreateFile(
+      /*LPCSTR                lpFileName*/            answers_file_name,
+      /*DWORD                 dwDesiredAccess*/       GENERIC_WRITE,
+      /*DWORD                 dwShareMode*/           0,
+      /*LPSECURITY_ATTRIBUTES lpSecurityAttributes*/  NULL,
+      /*DWORD                 dwCreationDisposition*/ CREATE_ALWAYS,
+      /*DWORD                 dwFlagsAndAttributes*/  0,
+      /*HANDLE                hTemplateFile*/         NULL
+    );
+
+    f64 const LAT_LON_MIN = -180.0;
+    f64 const LAT_LON_MAX =  180.0;
+
+    uint64_t const MAX_CLUSTERS       = 64;
+    uint64_t const points_per_cluster = point_count / MAX_CLUSTERS;
+
+    char tmp_buffer[128];
+    f64 expected_sum = 0;
+    HAV_PrintHandle(haversine_json_file_handle, HAV_STR8("{\"pairs\":[\n"));
+
+    f64 const sum_coefficient = 1.0 / point_count;
+    f64 point_centre          = 0;
+    f64 point_min_offset      = LAT_LON_MIN;
+    f64 point_max_offset      = LAT_LON_MAX;
+    for (int index = 0; index < point_count; index++) {
+        if (point_generator == PointGenerator_Cluster && (index % points_per_cluster) == 0) {
+            point_centre     = HAV_PCG32_PieF64(&rng_state, LAT_LON_MIN, LAT_LON_MAX);
+            point_min_offset = -HAV_PCG32_PieF64(&rng_state, 0, 45);
+            point_max_offset = -point_min_offset;
+        }
+
+        f64 x0 = point_centre + HAV_PCG32_PieF64(&rng_state, point_min_offset, point_max_offset);
+        f64 y0 = point_centre + HAV_PCG32_PieF64(&rng_state, point_min_offset, point_max_offset);
+        f64 x1 = point_centre + HAV_PCG32_PieF64(&rng_state, point_min_offset, point_max_offset);
+        f64 y1 = point_centre + HAV_PCG32_PieF64(&rng_state, point_min_offset, point_max_offset);
+
+        f64 haversine_dist  = ReferenceHaversine(x0, y0, x1, y1, /*EarthRadius*/ 6372.8);
+        HAV_PrintHandle(haversine_f64_file_handle, (HAV_Str8){.data = (char *)&haversine_dist, .size = sizeof(haversine_dist)});
+        expected_sum       += (sum_coefficient * haversine_dist);
+
+        size_t json_line_size = snprintf(tmp_buffer, sizeof(tmp_buffer), "    {\"x0\": %f, \"y0\": %f, \"x1\": %f, \"y1\": %f}%s\n", x0, y0, x1, y1, (index == (point_count - 1) ? "" : ","));
+        HAV_ASSERT(json_line_size < sizeof(tmp_buffer));
+        HAV_PrintHandle(haversine_json_file_handle, (HAV_Str8){.data = tmp_buffer, .size = json_line_size});
+    }
+    HAV_PrintHandle(haversine_json_file_handle, HAV_STR8("]}\n"));
+    HAV_PrintHandle(haversine_f64_file_handle, (HAV_Str8){.data = (char *)&expected_sum, .size = sizeof(expected_sum)});
+
+    CloseHandle(haversine_json_file_handle);
+    CloseHandle(haversine_f64_file_handle);
+
+    HAV_PrintLnFmt("Method: %s", (point_generator == PointGenerator_Uniform ? "uniform" : "cluster"));
+    HAV_PrintLnFmt("Seed: %zu", random_seed);
+    HAV_PrintLnFmt("Pair Count: %zu", point_count);
+    HAV_PrintLnFmt("Expected Sum: %f", expected_sum);
+    return 0;
+}

part2/haversine_stdlib.c

@@ -0,0 +1,361 @@
+// NOTE: Implementation
+// ============================================================================
+bool HAV_Str8_Equals(HAV_Str8 lhs, HAV_Str8 rhs)
+{
+    bool result = lhs.size == rhs.size && memcmp(lhs.data, rhs.data, lhs.size) == 0;
+    return result;
+}
+
+HAV_Str8ToU64Result HAV_Str8_ToU64(HAV_Str8 string)
+{
+    HAV_Str8ToU64Result result = {0};
+
+    size_t ch_index = 0;
+    while (ch_index < string.size && HAV_CharIsWhiteSpace(string.data[ch_index]))
+        ch_index++;
+
+    for (; ch_index < string.size; ch_index++) {
+        char ch = string.data[ch_index];
+        if (ch >= '0' && ch <= '9') {
+            result.value = (result.value * 10) + (ch - '0');
+        } else {
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    result.success = true;
+    return result;
+}
+
+HAV_Str8BinarySplitResult HAV_Str8_BinarySplit(HAV_Str8 buffer, HAV_Str8 find)
+{
+    HAV_Str8BinarySplitResult result = {0};
+    result.lhs                       = buffer;
+    for (size_t index = 0; (index + find.size) <= buffer.size; index++) {
+        HAV_Str8 check = {buffer.data + index, find.size};
+        if (HAV_Str8_Equals(find, check)) {
+            result.lhs.size = index;
+            result.rhs.data = check.data + find.size;
+            result.rhs.size = buffer.size - (index + find.size);
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+bool HAV_CharIsWhiteSpace(char ch)
+{
+    bool result = ch == ' ' || ch == '\n' || ch == '\r' || ch == '\t';
+    return result;
+}
+
+bool HAV_CharIsDigit(char ch)
+{
+    bool result = ch >= '0' && ch <= '9';
+    return result;
+}
+
+void HAV_Profiler_Dump()
+{
+    u64 total_elapsed_tsc = g_profiler.end_tsc - g_profiler.begin_tsc;
+    u64 cpu_frequency = EstimateCPUTimerFreq();
+    if (cpu_frequency)
+        printf("\nTotal time: %0.4fms (CPU freq %llu)\n", 1000.0 * (f64)total_elapsed_tsc / (f64)cpu_frequency, cpu_frequency);
+
+    for (uint32_t index = 1; index < HAV_ARRAY_UCOUNT(g_profiler.anchors); index++) {
+        HAV_ProfilerAnchor const *anchor = g_profiler.anchors + index;
+        if (!anchor->elapsed_tsc_inclusive)
+            break;
+
+        f64 percent = total_elapsed_tsc ? (f64)anchor->elapsed_tsc_exclusive / (f64)total_elapsed_tsc * 100.0 : 100.0;
+        printf("   %.*s[%zu]: %llu (%.2f%%", HAV_STR8_FMT(anchor->label), anchor->hits, anchor->elapsed_tsc_exclusive, percent);
+        if (anchor->elapsed_tsc_inclusive != anchor->elapsed_tsc_exclusive) {
+            f64 percent_w_children = total_elapsed_tsc ? ((f64)anchor->elapsed_tsc_inclusive / (f64)total_elapsed_tsc * 100.0) : 100.0;
+            printf(", %.2f%% w/children", percent_w_children);
+        }
+        printf(")");
+
+        if (anchor->byte_count) {
+            f64 megabytes_processed = anchor->byte_count / (1024.f * 1024.f);
+            f64 elapsed_s           = anchor->elapsed_tsc_inclusive / HAV_CAST(f64)cpu_frequency;
+            f64 bytes_per_s         = anchor->byte_count / elapsed_s;
+            f64 gigabytes_bandwidth = bytes_per_s / (1024.f * 1024.f * 1024.f);
+            printf("  %.3fmb at %.2fgb/s", megabytes_processed, gigabytes_bandwidth);
+        }
+        printf("\n");
+    }
+}
+
+HAV_ProfilerZone HAV_Profiler_BeginZone_(HAV_Str8 label, uint32_t index, u64 byte_count)
+{
+    HAV_ProfilerZone result      = {0};
+    #if defined(HAV_PROFILER)
+    result.index                 = index;
+    result.label                 = label;
+    result.tsc                   = ReadCPUTimer();
+    result.elapsed_tsc_inclusive = g_profiler.anchors[index].elapsed_tsc_inclusive;
+    result.byte_count            = byte_count;
+    result.parent_index          = g_profiler.parent_index;
+    g_profiler.parent_index      = index;
+    #else
+    (void)label; (void)index; (void)byte_count;
+    #endif
+    return result;
+}
+
+void HAV_Profiler_EndZone(HAV_ProfilerZone zone)
+{
+    #if defined(HAV_PROFILER)
+    u64 elapsed_tsc             = ReadCPUTimer() - zone.tsc;
+    HAV_ProfilerAnchor* anchor  = g_profiler.anchors + zone.index;
+    HAV_ProfilerAnchor* parent  = g_profiler.anchors + zone.parent_index;
+
+    anchor->elapsed_tsc_exclusive += elapsed_tsc;
+    anchor->elapsed_tsc_inclusive  = zone.elapsed_tsc_inclusive + elapsed_tsc;
+    anchor->label                  = zone.label;
+    anchor->byte_count            += zone.byte_count;
+    anchor->hits++;
+    parent->elapsed_tsc_exclusive -= elapsed_tsc;
+    g_profiler.parent_index        = zone.parent_index;
+    #else
+    (void)zone;
+    #endif
+}
+
+#pragma warning(push)
+#pragma warning(disable: 4146) // warning C4146: unary minus operator applied to unsigned type, result still unsigned
+uint32_t HAV_PCG32_Pie (uint64_t *state)
+{
+    uint64_t old = *state ^ 0xc90fdaa2adf85459ULL;
+    *state = *state * 6364136223846793005ULL + 0xc90fdaa2adf85459ULL;
+    uint32_t xorshifted = (uint32_t)(((old >> 18u) ^ old) >> 27u);
+    uint32_t rot = old >> 59u;
+    return (xorshifted >> rot) | (xorshifted << ((-rot) & 31));
+}
+#pragma warning(pop)
+
+f64 HAV_PCG32_PieF64(uint64_t *state, f64 min, f64 max)
+{
+    uint32_t u32_value = HAV_PCG32_Pie(state);
+    f64 t01            = HAV_CAST(f64)u32_value / HAV_CAST(f64)HAV_CAST(uint32_t)-1;
+    f64 result         = min + (max - min) * t01;
+    return result;
+}
+
+bool HAV_BufferIsValid(HAV_Buffer buffer)
+{
+    bool result = buffer.data && buffer.size;
+    return result;
+}
+
+HAV_BufferIterator HAV_BufferIteratorInit(HAV_Buffer buffer)
+{
+    HAV_BufferIterator result = {0};
+    result.buffer             = buffer;
+    return result;
+}
+
+bool HAV_BufferIteratorHasMoreBytes(HAV_BufferIterator it)
+{
+    bool result = HAV_BufferIsValid(it.buffer) && it.index < it.buffer.size;
+    return result;
+}
+
+uint8_t HAV_BufferIteratorPeekByte(HAV_BufferIterator *it)
+{
+    HAV_ASSERT(it);
+    HAV_ASSERT(HAV_BufferIsValid(it->buffer));
+    HAV_ASSERT(it->index < it->buffer.size);
+    uint8_t result = it->buffer.data[it->index];
+    return result;
+}
+
+uint8_t HAV_BufferIteratorNextByte(HAV_BufferIterator *it)
+{
+    uint8_t result = HAV_BufferIteratorPeekByte(it);
+    it->index++;
+    return result;
+}
+
+HAV_Buffer HAV_FileRead(char const *file_path)
+{
+    HAV_Buffer result = {0};
+
+    // NOTE: Determine file size
+    // =========================================================================
+    WIN32_FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DATA file_attrib_data = {0};
+    if (GetFileAttributesEx(file_path, GetFileExInfoStandard, &file_attrib_data) == 0)
+        return result;
+
+    // NOTE: Open file
+    // =========================================================================
+    HANDLE file_handle = CreateFile(
+      /*LPCSTR                lpFileName*/ file_path,
+      /*DWORD                 dwDesiredAccess*/ GENERIC_READ,
+      /*DWORD                 dwShareMode*/ 0,
+      /*LPSECURITY_ATTRIBUTES lpSecurityAttributes*/ NULL,
+      /*DWORD                 dwCreationDisposition*/ OPEN_EXISTING,
+      /*DWORD                 dwFlagsAndAttributes*/ 0,
+      /*HANDLE                hTemplateFile*/ NULL
+    );
+
+    if (file_handle == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
+        return result;
+
+    // NOTE: Allocate buffer
+    // =========================================================================
+    uint64_t file_size = (uint64_t)file_attrib_data.nFileSizeHigh << 32 | (uint64_t)file_attrib_data.nFileSizeLow << 0;
+    HAV_ASSERT(file_size < (DWORD)-1);
+    char *buffer = VirtualAlloc(
+      /*LPVOID lpAddress*/ NULL,
+      /*SIZE_T dwSize*/ file_size,
+      /*DWORD  flAllocationType*/ MEM_COMMIT | MEM_RESERVE,
+      /*DWORD  flProtect*/ PAGE_READWRITE
+    );
+
+    if (!buffer)
+        goto end;
+
+    // NOTE: Read file to buffer
+    // =========================================================================
+    DWORD bytes_read = 0;
+    HAV_ProfilerZone prof_file_read_zone = HAV_Profiler_BeginZoneBandwidth("File Read", file_size);
+    BOOL read_file_result = ReadFile(
+      /*HANDLE       hFile*/ file_handle,
+      /*LPVOID       lpBuffer*/ buffer,
+      /*DWORD        nNumberOfBytesToRead*/ HAV_CAST(DWORD)file_size,
+      /*LPDWORD      lpNumberOfBytesRead*/ &bytes_read,
+      /*LPOVERLAPPED lpOverlapped*/ NULL
+    );
+    HAV_Profiler_EndZone(prof_file_read_zone);
+
+    // NOTE: Handle read result
+    // =========================================================================
+    if (read_file_result == 0) {
+        VirtualFree(buffer, 0, MEM_RELEASE);
+    } else {
+        result.data = buffer;
+        result.size = file_size;
+    }
+
+end:
+    CloseHandle(file_handle);
+    return result;
+};
+
+void HAV_FileFree(HAV_Buffer buffer)
+{
+    if (HAV_BufferIsValid(buffer))
+        VirtualFree(buffer.data, 0, MEM_RELEASE);
+}
+
+bool HAV_FileWrite(char const *file_path, void const *buffer, size_t buffer_size)
+{
+    bool result = false;
+
+    // NOTE: Open file
+    // =========================================================================
+    HANDLE file_handle = CreateFile(
+      /*LPCSTR                lpFileName*/ file_path,
+      /*DWORD                 dwDesiredAccess*/ GENERIC_WRITE,
+      /*DWORD                 dwShareMode*/ 0,
+      /*LPSECURITY_ATTRIBUTES lpSecurityAttributes*/ NULL,
+      /*DWORD                 dwCreationDisposition*/ CREATE_ALWAYS,
+      /*DWORD                 dwFlagsAndAttributes*/ 0,
+      /*HANDLE                hTemplateFile*/ NULL
+    );
+
+    if (file_handle == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
+        return result;
+
+    // NOTE: Write file to disk
+    // =========================================================================
+    DWORD bytes_written = 0;
+    BOOL write_file_result = WriteFile(
+      /*HANDLE       hFile*/ file_handle,
+      /*LPVOID       lpBuffer*/ buffer,
+      /*DWORD        nNumberOfBytesToWrite*/ HAV_CAST(DWORD)buffer_size,
+      /*LPDWORD      lpNumberOfBytesWrite*/ &bytes_written,
+      /*LPOVERLAPPED lpOverlapped*/ NULL
+    );
+
+    HAV_ASSERT(bytes_written == buffer_size);
+    result = write_file_result && bytes_written == buffer_size;
+    CloseHandle(file_handle);
+    return result;
+};
+
+void HAV_PrintHandle(void *handle, HAV_Str8 string)
+{
+    DWORD bytes_written = 0;
+    WriteFile(handle, string.data, HAV_CAST(DWORD)string.size, &bytes_written, NULL);
+    (void)bytes_written;
+}
+
+void HAV_Print(HAV_Str8 string)
+{
+    if (pap_globals.stdout_handle == NULL) {
+        pap_globals.stdout_handle = GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE);
+        DWORD mode = 0;
+        BOOL get_console_mode_result = GetConsoleMode(
+          /*HANDLE  hConsoleHandle*/ pap_globals.stdout_handle,
+          /*LPDWORD lpMode*/ &mode
+        );
+        pap_globals.write_to_console = get_console_mode_result != 0;
+    }
+
+
+    HAV_ASSERT(string.size < HAV_CAST(DWORD)-1);
+    if (pap_globals.write_to_console) {
+        DWORD chars_written = 0;
+        WriteConsoleA(pap_globals.stdout_handle, string.data, (DWORD)string.size, &chars_written, NULL);
+    } else {
+        HAV_PrintHandle(pap_globals.stdout_handle, string);
+    }
+}
+
+void HAV_PrintFmt(char const *fmt, ...)
+{
+    va_list args, args_copy;
+    va_start(args, fmt);
+
+    va_copy(args_copy, args);
+    int string_size = vsnprintf(NULL, 0, fmt, args_copy);
+    va_end(args_copy);
+
+    char buffer[8192];
+    HAV_ASSERT(string_size >= 0 && string_size < HAV_ARRAY_UCOUNT(buffer));
+    if (string_size) {
+        vsnprintf(buffer, sizeof(buffer), fmt, args);
+        HAV_Str8 string = {.data = buffer, .size = string_size};
+        HAV_Print(string);
+    }
+
+    va_end(args);
+}
+
+void HAV_PrintLn(HAV_Str8 string)
+{
+    HAV_Print(string);
+    HAV_Print(HAV_STR8("\n"));
+}
+
+void HAV_PrintLnFmt(char const *fmt, ...)
+{
+    va_list args, args_copy;
+    va_start(args, fmt);
+
+    va_copy(args_copy, args);
+    int string_size = vsnprintf(NULL, 0, fmt, args_copy);
+    va_end(args_copy);
+
+    char buffer[8192];
+    HAV_ASSERT(string_size >= 0 && string_size < HAV_ARRAY_UCOUNT(buffer));
+    if (string_size) {
+        vsnprintf(buffer, sizeof(buffer), fmt, args);
+        HAV_Str8 string = {.data = buffer, .size = string_size};
+        HAV_PrintLn(string);
+    }
+
+    va_end(args);
+}

part2/haversine_stdlib.h

@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+// NOTE: Macros
+// ============================================================================
+#define HAV_STRINGIFY2(token) #token
+#define HAV_STRINGIFY(token) HAV_STRINGIFY2(token)
+
+#if defined(NDEBUG)
+    #define HAV_ASSERT(expr)
+#else
+    #define HAV_ASSERT(expr)                                                                         \
+        if (!(expr)) {                                                                               \
+            HAV_PrintLnFmt("Assertion triggered [file=\"" __FILE__ ":" HAV_STRINGIFY(__LINE__) "\", expr=\"" #expr "\"]");                                                                     \
+            __debugbreak();                                                                          \
+        }
+#endif
+
+#define HAV_ARRAY_UCOUNT(array) sizeof((array)) / sizeof((array)[0])
+#define HAV_CAST(Type) (Type)
+#define HAV_MIN(a, b) ((a) < (b) ? (a) : (b))
+#define HAV_MAX(a, b) ((a) > (b) ? (a) : (b))
+
+typedef float f32;
+typedef double f64;
+typedef uint64_t u64;
+
+// NOTE: Globals
+// ============================================================================
+typedef struct HAV_Globals {
+    HANDLE stdout_handle;
+    bool   write_to_console;
+} HAV_Globals;
+
+HAV_Globals pap_globals;
+
+// NOTE: Strings
+// ============================================================================
+typedef struct HAV_Str8 {
+    char *data;
+    size_t size;
+} HAV_Str8;
+
+typedef struct HAV_Str8ToU64Result {
+    bool     success;
+    uint64_t value;
+} HAV_Str8ToU64Result;
+
+typedef struct HAV_Str8BinarySplitResult {
+    HAV_Str8 lhs;
+    HAV_Str8 rhs;
+} HAV_Str8BinarySplitResult;
+
+#define HAV_STR8(string) (HAV_Str8){.data = (string), .size = HAV_ARRAY_UCOUNT(string) - 1 }
+#define HAV_STR8_FMT(string) (int)((string).size), (string).data
+
+bool                      HAV_Str8_Equals(HAV_Str8 lhs, HAV_Str8 rhs);
+HAV_Str8ToU64Result       HAV_Str8_ToU64(HAV_Str8 string);
+HAV_Str8BinarySplitResult HAV_Str8_BinarySplit(HAV_Str8 buffer, HAV_Str8 find);
+
+bool                      HAV_CharIsWhiteSpace(char ch);
+bool                      HAV_CharIsDigit(char ch);
+
+// NOTE: Profiler
+// ============================================================================
+typedef struct HAV_ProfilerAnchor {
+    HAV_Str8 label;
+    u64      elapsed_tsc_exclusive; // Does not include children
+    u64      elapsed_tsc_inclusive; // Includes children
+    u64      byte_count;
+    u64      hits;
+} HAV_ProfilerAnchor;
+
+typedef struct HAV_Profiler {
+    HAV_ProfilerAnchor anchors[4096];
+    u64                begin_tsc;
+    u64                end_tsc;
+    u64                parent_index;
+} HAV_Profiler;
+
+typedef struct HAV_ProfilerZone {
+    u64      parent_index;
+    uint32_t index;
+    HAV_Str8 label;
+    u64      elapsed_tsc_inclusive;
+    u64      tsc;
+    u64      byte_count;
+} HAV_ProfilerZone;
+
+static HAV_Profiler g_profiler;
+
+#define HAV_Profiler_BeginZone(label) HAV_Profiler_BeginZone_(HAV_STR8(label), __COUNTER__ + 1, 0)
+#define HAV_Profiler_BeginZoneBandwidth(label, byte_count) HAV_Profiler_BeginZone_(HAV_STR8(label), __COUNTER__ + 1, byte_count)
+
+static void HAV_Profiler_Dump();
+static HAV_ProfilerZone HAV_Profiler_BeginZone_(HAV_Str8 label, uint32_t index, u64 byte_count);
+static void HAV_Profiler_EndZone(HAV_ProfilerZone zone);
+
+// NOTE: PCG32
+// ============================================================================
+// NOTE: PCG RNG from Demetri Spanos: https://github.com/demetri/scribbles
+// pcg32_pie, based on the minimal C version from O'Neill at pcg-random.org;
+// I've made a few (subjective) UX improvements for beginner use
+//
+// I'm not allowing the user to pick the stream/increment constant at all,
+// since there is almost never a reason for doing this in common applications.
+// This means that the prng state is reduced to a single uint64_t which also
+// means we can avoid having a state struct at all. The (fixed) stream constant
+// uses the leading hex digits of pi and e multipled by 2^30 (c90fdaa2 and
+// adf85459).
+//
+// I have also added an XOR with the same digits on the output path prior
+// to xorshift mixing.  This prevents the "surprising" result that the 
+// first "random 32-bit number" from a (very common) 0 seed is 0.
+//
+// use:
+//   uint64_t state = 12345; // whatever you like can go here
+//   uint32_t some_random_32_bits = pcg32_pie(&state);
+//   uint32_t more_random_32_bits = pcg32_pie(&state);
+uint32_t HAV_PCG32_Pie   (uint64_t *state);
+f64      HAV_PCG32_PieF64(uint64_t *state, f64 min, f64 max);
+
+// NOTE: Buffer
+// ============================================================================
+typedef struct HAV_Buffer {
+    char *data;
+    size_t size;
+} HAV_Buffer;
+
+typedef struct HAV_BufferIterator {
+    HAV_Buffer buffer;
+    size_t     index;
+} HAV_BufferIterator;
+
+bool               HAV_BufferIsValid             (HAV_Buffer buffer);
+HAV_BufferIterator HAV_BufferIteratorInit        (HAV_Buffer buffer);
+bool               HAV_BufferIteratorHasMoreBytes(HAV_BufferIterator it);
+uint8_t            HAV_BufferIteratorNextByte    (HAV_BufferIterator *it);
+
+// NOTE: File
+// ============================================================================
+HAV_Buffer HAV_FileRead (char const *file_path);
+void       HAV_FileFree (HAV_Buffer buffer);
+bool       HAV_FileWrite(char const *file_path, void const *buffer, size_t buffer_size);
+
+// NOTE: Print
+// ============================================================================
+void HAV_PrintHandle(void *handle, HAV_Str8 string);
+void HAV_PrintLn    (HAV_Str8 string);
+void HAV_PrintLnFmt (char const *fmt, ...);

part2/listing_0065_haversine_formula.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+/* ========================================================================
+
+   (C) Copyright 2023 by Molly Rocket, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
+   
+   This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+   warranty. In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+   arising from the use of this software.
+   
+   Please see https://computerenhance.com for more information
+   
+   ======================================================================== */
+
+/* ========================================================================
+   LISTING 65
+   ======================================================================== */
+
+static f64 Square(f64 A)
+{
+    f64 Result = (A*A);
+    return Result;
+}
+
+static f64 RadiansFromDegrees(f64 Degrees)
+{
+    f64 Result = 0.01745329251994329577 * Degrees;
+    return Result;
+}
+
+// NOTE(casey): EarthRadius is generally expected to be 6372.8
+static f64 ReferenceHaversine(f64 X0, f64 Y0, f64 X1, f64 Y1, f64 EarthRadius)
+{
+    /* NOTE(casey): This is not meant to be a "good" way to calculate the Haversine distance.
+       Instead, it attempts to follow, as closely as possible, the formula used in the real-world
+       question on which these homework exercises are loosely based.
+    */
+    
+    f64 lat1 = Y0;
+    f64 lat2 = Y1;
+    f64 lon1 = X0;
+    f64 lon2 = X1;
+    
+    f64 dLat = RadiansFromDegrees(lat2 - lat1);
+    f64 dLon = RadiansFromDegrees(lon2 - lon1);
+    lat1 = RadiansFromDegrees(lat1);
+    lat2 = RadiansFromDegrees(lat2);
+    
+    f64 a = Square(sin(dLat/2.0)) + cos(lat1)*cos(lat2)*Square(sin(dLon/2));
+    f64 c = 2.0*asin(sqrt(a));
+    
+    f64 Result = EarthRadius * c;
+    
+    return Result;
+}

part2/listing_0066_haversine_generator.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,220 @@
+/* ========================================================================
+
+   (C) Copyright 2023 by Molly Rocket, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
+   
+   This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+   warranty. In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+   arising from the use of this software.
+   
+   Please see https://computerenhance.com for more information
+   
+   ======================================================================== */
+
+/* ========================================================================
+   LISTING 66
+   ======================================================================== */
+
+/* NOTE(casey): _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS is here because otherwise we cannot
+   call fopen(). If we replace fopen() with fopen_s() to avoid the warning,
+   then the code doesn't compile on Linux anymore, since fopen_s() does not
+   exist there.
+   
+   What exactly the CRT maintainers were thinking when they made this choice,
+   I have no idea. */
+#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <math.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+typedef uint32_t u32;
+typedef uint64_t u64;
+typedef double f64;
+#define U64Max UINT64_MAX
+
+#include "listing_0065_haversine_formula.cpp"
+
+struct random_series
+{
+    u64 A, B, C, D;
+};
+
+static u64 RotateLeft(u64 V, int Shift)
+{
+    u64 Result = ((V << Shift) | (V >> (64-Shift)));
+    return Result;
+}
+
+static u64 RandomU64(random_series *Series)
+{
+    u64 A = Series->A;
+    u64 B = Series->B;
+    u64 C = Series->C;
+    u64 D = Series->D;
+    
+    u64 E = A - RotateLeft(B, 27);
+    
+    A = (B ^ RotateLeft(C, 17));
+    B = (C + D);
+    C = (D + E);
+    D = (E + A);
+    
+    Series->A = A;
+    Series->B = B;
+    Series->C = C;
+    Series->D = D;
+    
+    return D;
+}
+
+static random_series Seed(u64 Value)
+{
+    random_series Series = {};
+    
+    // NOTE(casey): This is the seed pattern for JSF generators, as per the original post
+    Series.A = 0xf1ea5eed;
+    Series.B = Value;
+    Series.C = Value;
+    Series.D = Value;
+    
+    u32 Count = 20;
+    while(Count--)
+    {
+        RandomU64(&Series);
+    }
+    
+    return Series;
+}
+
+static f64 RandomInRange(random_series *Series, f64 Min, f64 Max)
+{
+    f64 t = (f64)RandomU64(Series) / (f64)U64Max;
+    f64 Result = (1.0 - t)*Min + t*Max;
+    
+    return Result;
+}
+
+static FILE *Open(long long unsigned PairCount, char *Label, char *Extension)
+{
+    char Temp[256];
+    sprintf(Temp, "data_%llu_%s.%s", PairCount, Label, Extension);
+    FILE *Result = fopen(Temp, "wb");
+    if(!Result)
+    {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Unable to open \"%s\" for writing.\n", Temp);
+    }
+    
+    return Result;
+}
+
+static f64 RandomDegree(random_series *Series, f64 Center, f64 Radius, f64 MaxAllowed)
+{
+    f64 MinVal = Center - Radius;
+    if(MinVal < -MaxAllowed)
+    {
+        MinVal = -MaxAllowed;
+    }
+    
+    f64 MaxVal = Center + Radius;
+    if(MaxVal > MaxAllowed)
+    {
+        MaxVal = MaxAllowed;
+    }
+    
+    f64 Result = RandomInRange(Series, MinVal, MaxVal);
+    return Result;
+}
+
+int main(int ArgCount, char **Args)
+{
+    if(ArgCount == 4)
+    {
+        u64 ClusterCountLeft = U64Max;
+        f64 MaxAllowedX = 180;
+        f64 MaxAllowedY = 90;
+        
+        f64 XCenter = 0;
+        f64 YCenter = 0;
+        f64 XRadius = MaxAllowedX;
+        f64 YRadius = MaxAllowedY;
+        
+        char *MethodName = Args[1];
+        if(strcmp(MethodName, "cluster") == 0)
+        {
+            ClusterCountLeft = 0;
+        }
+        else if(strcmp(MethodName, "uniform") != 0)
+        {
+            MethodName = "uniform";
+            fprintf(stderr, "WARNING: Unrecognized method name. Using 'uniform'.\n");
+        }
+        
+        u64 SeedValue = atoll(Args[2]);
+        random_series Series = Seed(SeedValue);
+        
+        u64 MaxPairCount = (1ULL << 34);
+        u64 PairCount = atoll(Args[3]);
+        if(PairCount < MaxPairCount)
+        {
+            u64 ClusterCountMax = 1 + (PairCount / 64);
+            
+            FILE *FlexJSON = Open(PairCount, "flex", "json");
+            FILE *HaverAnswers = Open(PairCount, "haveranswer", "f64");
+            if(FlexJSON && HaverAnswers)
+            {
+                fprintf(FlexJSON, "{\"pairs\":[\n");
+                f64 Sum = 0;
+                f64 SumCoef = 1.0 / (f64)PairCount;
+                for(u64 PairIndex = 0; PairIndex < PairCount; ++PairIndex)
+                {
+                    if(ClusterCountLeft-- == 0)
+                    {
+                        ClusterCountLeft = ClusterCountMax;
+                        XCenter = RandomInRange(&Series, -MaxAllowedX, MaxAllowedX);
+                        YCenter = RandomInRange(&Series, -MaxAllowedY, MaxAllowedY);
+                        XRadius = RandomInRange(&Series, 0, MaxAllowedX);
+                        YRadius = RandomInRange(&Series, 0, MaxAllowedY);
+                    }
+                    
+                    f64 X0 = RandomDegree(&Series, XCenter, XRadius, MaxAllowedX);
+                    f64 Y0 = RandomDegree(&Series, YCenter, YRadius, MaxAllowedY);
+                    f64 X1 = RandomDegree(&Series, XCenter, XRadius, MaxAllowedX);
+                    f64 Y1 = RandomDegree(&Series, YCenter, YRadius, MaxAllowedY);
+                    
+                    f64 EarthRadius = 6372.8;
+                    f64 HaversineDistance = ReferenceHaversine(X0, Y0, X1, Y1, EarthRadius);
+                    
+                    Sum += SumCoef*HaversineDistance;
+                    
+                    char *JSONSep = (PairIndex == (PairCount - 1)) ? "\n" : ",\n";
+                    fprintf(FlexJSON, "    {\"x0\":%.16f, \"y0\":%.16f, \"x1\":%.16f, \"y1\":%.16f}%s", X0, Y0, X1, Y1, JSONSep);
+                    
+                    fwrite(&HaversineDistance, sizeof(HaversineDistance), 1, HaverAnswers);
+                }
+                fprintf(FlexJSON, "]}\n");
+                fwrite(&Sum, sizeof(Sum), 1, HaverAnswers);
+        
+                fprintf(stdout, "Method: %s\n", MethodName);
+                fprintf(stdout, "Random seed: %llu\n", SeedValue);
+                fprintf(stdout, "Pair count: %llu\n", PairCount);
+                fprintf(stdout, "Expected sum: %.16f\n", Sum);
+            }
+            
+            if(FlexJSON) fclose(FlexJSON);
+            if(HaverAnswers) fclose(HaverAnswers);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            fprintf(stderr, "To avoid accidentally generating massive files, number of pairs must be less than %llu.\n", MaxPairCount);
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s [uniform/cluster] [random seed] [number of coordinate pairs to generate]\n", Args[0]);
+    }
+    
+    return 0;
+}
+    

part2/listing_0067_simple_haversine.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+/* ========================================================================
+
+   (C) Copyright 2023 by Molly Rocket, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
+   
+   This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+   warranty. In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+   arising from the use of this software.
+   
+   Please see https://computerenhance.com for more information
+   
+   ======================================================================== */
+
+/* ========================================================================
+   LISTING 67
+   ======================================================================== */
+
+/* NOTE(casey): _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS is here because otherwise we cannot
+   call fopen(). If we replace fopen() with fopen_s() to avoid the warning,
+   then the code doesn't compile on Linux anymore, since fopen_s() does not
+   exist there.
+   
+   What exactly the CRT maintainers were thinking when they made this choice,
+   I have no idea. */
+#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <math.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+
+typedef uint8_t u8;
+typedef uint32_t u32;
+typedef uint64_t u64;
+
+typedef int32_t b32;
+
+typedef float f32;
+typedef double f64;
+
+struct haversine_pair
+{
+    f64 X0, Y0;
+    f64 X1, Y1;
+};
+
+#include "listing_0065_haversine_formula.cpp"
+#include "listing_0068_buffer.cpp"
+#include "listing_0069_lookup_json_parser.cpp"
+
+static buffer ReadEntireFile(char *FileName)
+{
+    buffer Result = {};
+        
+    FILE *File = fopen(FileName, "rb");
+    if(File)
+    {
+#if _WIN32
+        struct __stat64 Stat;
+        _stat64(FileName, &Stat);
+#else
+        struct stat Stat;
+        stat(FileName, &Stat);
+#endif
+        
+        Result = AllocateBuffer(Stat.st_size);
+        if(Result.Data)
+        {
+            if(fread(Result.Data, Result.Count, 1, File) != 1)
+            {
+                fprintf(stderr, "ERROR: Unable to read \"%s\".\n", FileName);
+                FreeBuffer(&Result);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        fprintf(stderr, "ERROR: Unable to open \"%s\".\n", FileName);
+    }
+    
+    return Result;
+}
+
+static f64 SumHaversineDistances(u64 PairCount, haversine_pair *Pairs)
+{
+    f64 Sum = 0;
+    
+    f64 SumCoef = 1 / (f64)PairCount;
+    for(u64 PairIndex = 0; PairIndex < PairCount; ++PairIndex)
+    {
+        haversine_pair Pair = Pairs[PairIndex];
+        f64 EarthRadius = 6372.8;
+        f64 Dist = ReferenceHaversine(Pair.X0, Pair.Y0, Pair.X1, Pair.Y1, EarthRadius);
+        Sum += SumCoef*Dist;
+    }
+    
+    return Sum;
+}
+
+int main(int ArgCount, char **Args)
+{
+    int Result = 1;
+    
+    if((ArgCount == 2) || (ArgCount == 3))
+    {
+        buffer InputJSON = ReadEntireFile(Args[1]);
+        
+        u32 MinimumJSONPairEncoding = 6*4;
+        u64 MaxPairCount = InputJSON.Count / MinimumJSONPairEncoding;
+        if(MaxPairCount)
+        {
+            buffer ParsedValues = AllocateBuffer(MaxPairCount * sizeof(haversine_pair));
+            if(ParsedValues.Count)
+            {
+                haversine_pair *Pairs = (haversine_pair *)ParsedValues.Data;
+                u64 PairCount = ParseHaversinePairs(InputJSON, MaxPairCount, Pairs);
+                f64 Sum = SumHaversineDistances(PairCount, Pairs);
+                
+                fprintf(stdout, "Input size: %llu\n", InputJSON.Count);
+                fprintf(stdout, "Pair count: %llu\n", PairCount);
+                fprintf(stdout, "Haversine sum: %.16f\n", Sum);
+                
+                if(ArgCount == 3)
+                {
+                    buffer AnswersF64 = ReadEntireFile(Args[2]);
+                    if(AnswersF64.Count >= sizeof(f64))
+                    {
+                        f64 *AnswerValues = (f64 *)AnswersF64.Data;
+                        
+                        fprintf(stdout, "\nValidation:\n");
+                        
+                        u64 RefAnswerCount = (AnswersF64.Count - sizeof(f64)) / sizeof(f64);
+                        if(PairCount != RefAnswerCount)
+                        {
+                            fprintf(stdout, "FAILED - pair count doesn't match %llu.\n", RefAnswerCount);
+                        }
+                        
+                        f64 RefSum = AnswerValues[RefAnswerCount];
+                        fprintf(stdout, "Reference sum: %.16f\n", RefSum);
+                        fprintf(stdout, "Difference: %.16f\n", Sum - RefSum);
+                        
+                        fprintf(stdout, "\n");
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            
+            FreeBuffer(&ParsedValues);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            fprintf(stderr, "ERROR: Malformed input JSON\n");
+        }
+
+        FreeBuffer(&InputJSON);
+        
+        Result = 0;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s [haversine_input.json]\n", Args[0]);
+        fprintf(stderr, "       %s [haversine_input.json] [answers.f64]\n", Args[0]);
+    }
+    
+    return Result;
+}

part2/listing_0068_buffer.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+/* ========================================================================
+
+   (C) Copyright 2023 by Molly Rocket, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
+   
+   This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+   warranty. In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+   arising from the use of this software.
+   
+   Please see https://computerenhance.com for more information
+   
+   ======================================================================== */
+
+/* ========================================================================
+   LISTING 68
+   ======================================================================== */
+
+struct buffer
+{
+    size_t Count;
+    u8 *Data;
+};
+
+#define CONSTANT_STRING(String) {sizeof(String) - 1, (u8 *)(String)}
+
+static b32 IsInBounds(buffer Source, u64 At)
+{
+    b32 Result = (At < Source.Count);
+    return Result;
+}
+
+static b32 AreEqual(buffer A, buffer B)
+{
+    if(A.Count != B.Count)
+    {
+        return false;
+    }
+    
+    for(u64 Index = 0; Index < A.Count; ++Index)
+    {
+        if(A.Data[Index] != B.Data[Index])
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+    
+    return true;
+}
+
+static buffer AllocateBuffer(size_t Count)
+{
+    buffer Result = {};
+    Result.Data = (u8 *)malloc(Count);
+    if(Result.Data)
+    {
+        Result.Count = Count;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        fprintf(stderr, "ERROR: Unable to allocate %llu bytes.\n", Count);
+    }
+    
+    return Result;
+}
+
+static void FreeBuffer(buffer *Buffer)
+{
+    if(Buffer->Data)
+    {
+        free(Buffer->Data);
+    }
+    *Buffer = {};
+}

part2/listing_0069_lookup_json_parser.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,508 @@
+/* ========================================================================
+
+   (C) Copyright 2023 by Molly Rocket, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
+   
+   This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+   warranty. In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+   arising from the use of this software.
+   
+   Please see https://computerenhance.com for more information
+   
+   ======================================================================== */
+
+/* ========================================================================
+   LISTING 69
+   ======================================================================== */
+
+enum json_token_type
+{
+    Token_end_of_stream,
+    Token_error,
+    
+    Token_open_brace,
+    Token_open_bracket,
+    Token_close_brace,
+    Token_close_bracket,
+    Token_comma,
+    Token_colon,
+    Token_semi_colon,
+    Token_string_literal,
+    Token_number,
+    Token_true,
+    Token_false,
+    Token_null,
+    
+    Token_count,
+};
+
+struct json_token
+{
+    json_token_type Type;
+    buffer Value;
+};
+
+struct json_element
+{
+    buffer Label;
+    buffer Value;
+    json_element *FirstSubElement;
+    
+    json_element *NextSibling;
+};
+
+struct json_parser
+{
+    buffer Source;
+    u64 At;
+    b32 HadError;
+};
+
+static b32 IsJSONDigit(buffer Source, u64 At)
+{
+    b32 Result = false;
+    if(IsInBounds(Source, At))
+    {
+        u8 Val = Source.Data[At];
+        Result = ((Val >= '0') && (Val <= '9'));
+    }
+    
+    return Result;
+}
+
+static b32 IsJSONWhitespace(buffer Source, u64 At)
+{
+    b32 Result = false;
+    if(IsInBounds(Source, At))
+    {
+        u8 Val = Source.Data[At];
+        Result = ((Val == ' ') || (Val == '\t') || (Val == '\n') || (Val == '\r'));
+    }
+    
+    return Result;
+}
+
+static b32 IsParsing(json_parser *Parser)
+{
+    b32 Result = !Parser->HadError && IsInBounds(Parser->Source, Parser->At);
+    return Result;
+}
+
+static void Error(json_parser *Parser, json_token Token, char const *Message)
+{
+    Parser->HadError = true;
+    fprintf(stderr, "ERROR: \"%.*s\" - %s\n", (u32)Token.Value.Count, (char *)Token.Value.Data, Message);
+}
+
+static void ParseKeyword(buffer Source, u64 *At, buffer KeywordRemaining, json_token_type Type, json_token *Result)
+{
+    if((Source.Count - *At) >= KeywordRemaining.Count)
+    {
+        buffer Check = Source;
+        Check.Data += *At;
+        Check.Count = KeywordRemaining.Count;
+        if(AreEqual(Check, KeywordRemaining))
+        {
+            Result->Type = Type;
+            Result->Value.Count += KeywordRemaining.Count;
+            *At += KeywordRemaining.Count;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+static json_token GetJSONToken(json_parser *Parser)
+{
+    json_token Result = {};
+    
+    buffer Source = Parser->Source;
+    u64 At = Parser->At;
+    
+    while(IsJSONWhitespace(Source, At))
+    {
+        ++At;
+    }
+    
+    if(IsInBounds(Source, At))
+    {
+        Result.Type = Token_error;
+        Result.Value.Count = 1;
+        Result.Value.Data = Source.Data + At;
+        u8 Val = Source.Data[At++];
+        switch(Val)
+        {
+            case '{': {Result.Type = Token_open_brace;} break;
+            case '[': {Result.Type = Token_open_bracket;} break;
+            case '}': {Result.Type = Token_close_brace;} break;
+            case ']': {Result.Type = Token_close_bracket;} break;
+            case ',': {Result.Type = Token_comma;} break;
+            case ':': {Result.Type = Token_colon;} break;
+            case ';': {Result.Type = Token_semi_colon;} break;
+
+            case 'f':
+            {
+                ParseKeyword(Source, &At, CONSTANT_STRING("alse"), Token_false, &Result);
+            } break;
+            
+            case 'n':
+            {
+                ParseKeyword(Source, &At, CONSTANT_STRING("ull"), Token_null, &Result);
+            } break;
+            
+            case 't':
+            {
+                ParseKeyword(Source, &At, CONSTANT_STRING("rue"), Token_true, &Result);
+            } break;
+            
+            case '"':
+            {
+                Result.Type = Token_string_literal;
+                
+                u64 StringStart = At;
+                
+                while(IsInBounds(Source, At) && (Source.Data[At] != '"'))
+                {
+                    if(IsInBounds(Source, (At + 1)) &&
+                       (Source.Data[At] == '\\') &&
+                       (Source.Data[At + 1] == '"'))
+                    {
+                        // NOTE(casey): Skip escaped quotation marks
+                        ++At;
+                    }
+                    
+                    ++At;
+                }
+                
+                Result.Value.Data = Source.Data + StringStart;
+                Result.Value.Count = At - StringStart;
+                if(IsInBounds(Source, At))
+                {
+                    ++At;
+                }
+            } break;
+
+            case '-':
+            case '0':
+            case '1':
+            case '2':
+            case '3':
+            case '4':
+            case '5':
+            case '6':
+            case '7':
+            case '8':
+            case '9':
+            {
+                u64 Start = At - 1;
+                Result.Type = Token_number;
+
+                // NOTE(casey): Move past a leading negative sign if one exists
+                if((Val == '-') && IsInBounds(Source, At))
+                {
+                    Val = Source.Data[At++];
+                }
+                
+                // NOTE(casey): If the leading digit wasn't 0, parse any digits before the decimal point
+                if(Val != '0')
+                {
+                    while(IsJSONDigit(Source, At))
+                    {
+                        ++At;
+                    }
+                }
+                
+                // NOTE(casey): If there is a decimal point, parse any digits after the decimal point
+                if(IsInBounds(Source, At) && (Source.Data[At] == '.'))
+                {
+                    ++At;
+                    while(IsJSONDigit(Source, At))
+                    {
+                        ++At;
+                    }
+                }
+                
+                // NOTE(casey): If it's in scientific notation, parse any digits after the "e"
+                if(IsInBounds(Source, At) && ((Source.Data[At] == 'e') || (Source.Data[At] == 'E')))
+                {
+                    ++At;
+                    
+                    if(IsInBounds(Source, At) && ((Source.Data[At] == '+') || (Source.Data[At] == '-')))
+                    {
+                        ++At;
+                    }
+                    
+                    while(IsJSONDigit(Source, At))
+                    {
+                        ++At;
+                    }
+                }
+                
+                Result.Value.Count = At - Start;
+            } break;
+            
+            default:
+            {
+            } break;
+        }
+    }
+    
+    Parser->At = At;
+    
+    return Result;
+}
+
+static json_element *ParseJSONList(json_parser *Parser, json_token StartingToken, json_token_type EndType, b32 HasLabels);
+static json_element *ParseJSONElement(json_parser *Parser, buffer Label, json_token Value)
+{
+    b32 Valid = true;
+    
+    json_element *SubElement = 0;
+    if(Value.Type == Token_open_bracket)
+    {
+        SubElement = ParseJSONList(Parser, Value, Token_close_bracket, false);
+    }
+    else if(Value.Type == Token_open_brace)
+    {
+        SubElement = ParseJSONList(Parser, Value, Token_close_brace, true);
+    }
+    else if((Value.Type == Token_string_literal) ||
+            (Value.Type == Token_true) ||
+            (Value.Type == Token_false) ||
+            (Value.Type == Token_null) ||
+            (Value.Type == Token_number))
+    {
+        // NOTE(casey): Nothing to do here, since there is no additional data
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        Valid = false;
+    }
+    
+    json_element *Result = 0;
+    
+    if(Valid)
+    {
+        Result = (json_element *)malloc(sizeof(json_element));
+        Result->Label = Label;
+        Result->Value = Value.Value;
+        Result->FirstSubElement = SubElement;
+        Result->NextSibling = 0;
+    }
+    
+    return Result;
+}
+
+static json_element *ParseJSONList(json_parser *Parser, json_token StartingToken, json_token_type EndType, b32 HasLabels)
+{
+    json_element *FirstElement = {};
+    json_element *LastElement = {};
+    
+    while(IsParsing(Parser))
+    {
+        buffer Label = {};
+        json_token Value = GetJSONToken(Parser);
+        if(HasLabels)
+        {
+            if(Value.Type == Token_string_literal)
+            {
+                Label = Value.Value;
+                
+                json_token Colon = GetJSONToken(Parser);
+                if(Colon.Type == Token_colon)
+                {
+                    Value = GetJSONToken(Parser);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    Error(Parser, Colon, "Expected colon after field name");
+                }
+            }
+            else if(Value.Type != EndType)
+            {
+                Error(Parser, Value, "Unexpected token in JSON");
+            }
+        }
+        
+        json_element *Element = ParseJSONElement(Parser, Label, Value);
+        if(Element)
+        {
+            LastElement = (LastElement ? LastElement->NextSibling : FirstElement) = Element;
+        }
+        else if(Value.Type == EndType)
+        {
+            break;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            Error(Parser, Value, "Unexpected token in JSON");
+        }
+        
+        json_token Comma = GetJSONToken(Parser);
+        if(Comma.Type == EndType)
+        {
+            break;
+        }
+        else if(Comma.Type != Token_comma)
+        {
+            Error(Parser, Comma, "Unexpected token in JSON");
+        }
+    }
+    
+    return FirstElement;
+}
+
+static json_element *ParseJSON(buffer InputJSON)
+{
+    json_parser Parser = {};
+    Parser.Source = InputJSON;
+    
+    json_element *Result = ParseJSONElement(&Parser, {}, GetJSONToken(&Parser));
+    return Result;
+}
+
+static void FreeJSON(json_element *Element)
+{
+    while(Element)
+    {
+        json_element *FreeElement = Element;
+        Element = Element->NextSibling;
+    
+        FreeJSON(FreeElement->FirstSubElement);
+        free(FreeElement);
+    }
+}
+
+static json_element *LookupElement(json_element *Object, buffer ElementName)
+{
+    json_element *Result = 0;
+    
+    if(Object)
+    {
+        for(json_element *Search = Object->FirstSubElement; Search; Search = Search->NextSibling)
+        {
+            if(AreEqual(Search->Label, ElementName))
+            {
+                Result = Search;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    
+    return Result;
+}
+
+static f64 ConvertJSONSign(buffer Source, u64 *AtResult)
+{
+    u64 At = *AtResult;
+
+    f64 Result = 1.0;
+    if(IsInBounds(Source, At) && (Source.Data[At] == '-'))
+    {
+        Result = -1.0;
+        ++At;
+    }
+    
+    *AtResult = At;
+
+    return Result;
+}
+
+static f64 ConvertJSONNumber(buffer Source, u64 *AtResult)
+{
+    u64 At = *AtResult;
+    
+    f64 Result = 0.0;
+    while(IsInBounds(Source, At))
+    {
+        u8 Char = Source.Data[At] - (u8)'0';
+        if(Char < 10)
+        {
+            Result = 10.0*Result + (f64)Char;
+            ++At;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    
+    *AtResult = At;
+    
+    return Result;
+}
+
+static f64 ConvertElementToF64(json_element *Object, buffer ElementName)
+{
+    f64 Result = 0.0;
+    
+    json_element *Element = LookupElement(Object, ElementName);
+    if(Element)
+    {
+        buffer Source = Element->Value;
+        u64 At = 0;
+        
+        f64 Sign = ConvertJSONSign(Source, &At);
+        f64 Number = ConvertJSONNumber(Source, &At);
+        
+        if(IsInBounds(Source, At) && (Source.Data[At] == '.'))
+        {
+            ++At;
+            f64 C = 1.0 / 10.0;
+            while(IsInBounds(Source, At))
+            {
+                u8 Char = Source.Data[At] - (u8)'0';
+                if(Char < 10)
+                {
+                    Number = Number + C*(f64)Char;
+                    C *= 1.0 / 10.0;
+                    ++At;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        
+        if(IsInBounds(Source, At) && ((Source.Data[At] == 'e') || (Source.Data[At] == 'E')))
+        {
+            ++At;
+            if(IsInBounds(Source, At) && (Source.Data[At] == '+'))
+            {
+                ++At;
+            }
+
+            f64 ExponentSign = ConvertJSONSign(Source, &At);
+            f64 Exponent = ExponentSign*ConvertJSONNumber(Source, &At);
+            Number *= pow(10.0, Exponent);
+        }
+        
+        Result = Sign*Number;
+    }
+    
+    return Result;
+}
+
+static u64 ParseHaversinePairs(buffer InputJSON, u64 MaxPairCount, haversine_pair *Pairs)
+{
+    u64 PairCount = 0;
+    
+    json_element *JSON = ParseJSON(InputJSON);
+    json_element *PairsArray = LookupElement(JSON, CONSTANT_STRING("pairs"));
+    if(PairsArray)
+    {
+        for(json_element *Element = PairsArray->FirstSubElement;
+            Element && (PairCount < MaxPairCount);
+            Element = Element->NextSibling)
+        {
+            haversine_pair *Pair = Pairs + PairCount++;
+            
+            Pair->X0 = ConvertElementToF64(Element, CONSTANT_STRING("x0"));
+            Pair->Y0 = ConvertElementToF64(Element, CONSTANT_STRING("y0"));
+            Pair->X1 = ConvertElementToF64(Element, CONSTANT_STRING("x1"));
+            Pair->Y1 = ConvertElementToF64(Element, CONSTANT_STRING("y1"));
+        }
+    }
+    
+    FreeJSON(JSON);
+    
+    return PairCount;
+}

part2/listing_0070_platform_metrics.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+/* ========================================================================
+
+   (C) Copyright 2023 by Molly Rocket, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
+   
+   This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+   warranty. In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+   arising from the use of this software.
+   
+   Please see https://computerenhance.com for more information
+   
+   ======================================================================== */
+
+/* ========================================================================
+   LISTING 70
+   ======================================================================== */
+
+#if _WIN32
+
+#include <intrin.h>
+#include <windows.h>
+
+static u64 GetOSTimerFreq(void)
+{
+	LARGE_INTEGER Freq;
+	QueryPerformanceFrequency(&Freq);
+	return Freq.QuadPart;
+}
+
+static u64 ReadOSTimer(void)
+{
+	LARGE_INTEGER Value;
+	QueryPerformanceCounter(&Value);
+	return Value.QuadPart;
+}
+
+#else
+
+#include <x86intrin.h>
+#include <sys/time.h>
+
+static u64 GetOSTimerFreq(void)
+{
+	return 1000000;
+}
+
+static u64 ReadOSTimer(void)
+{
+	// NOTE(casey): The "struct" keyword is not necessary here when compiling in C++,
+	// but just in case anyone is using this file from C, I include it.
+	struct timeval Value;
+	gettimeofday(&Value, 0);
+	
+	u64 Result = GetOSTimerFreq()*(u64)Value.tv_sec + (u64)Value.tv_usec;
+	return Result;
+}
+
+#endif
+
+/* NOTE(casey): This does not need to be "inline", it could just be "static"
+   because compilers will inline it anyway. But compilers will warn about 
+   static functions that aren't used. So "inline" is just the simplest way 
+   to tell them to stop complaining about that. */
+inline u64 ReadCPUTimer(void)
+{
+	// NOTE(casey): If you were on ARM, you would need to replace __rdtsc
+	// with one of their performance counter read instructions, depending
+	// on which ones are available on your platform.
+	
+	return __rdtsc();
+}

part2/listing_0071_os_timer_main.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+/* ========================================================================
+
+   (C) Copyright 2023 by Molly Rocket, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
+   
+   This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+   warranty. In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+   arising from the use of this software.
+   
+   Please see https://computerenhance.com for more information
+   
+   ======================================================================== */
+
+/* ========================================================================
+   LISTING 71
+   ======================================================================== */
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+typedef uint64_t u64;
+typedef double f64;
+
+#include "listing_0070_platform_metrics.cpp"
+
+int main(void)
+{
+	u64 OSFreq = GetOSTimerFreq();
+	printf("    OS Freq: %llu\n", OSFreq);
+
+	u64 OSStart = ReadOSTimer();
+	u64 OSEnd = 0;
+	u64 OSElapsed = 0;
+	while(OSElapsed < OSFreq)
+	{
+		OSEnd = ReadOSTimer();
+		OSElapsed = OSEnd - OSStart;
+	}
+	
+	printf("   OS Timer: %llu -> %llu = %llu elapsed\n", OSStart, OSEnd, OSElapsed);
+	printf(" OS Seconds: %.4f\n", (f64)OSElapsed/(f64)OSFreq);
+	
+    return 0;
+}

part2/listing_0072_cpu_timer_main.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+/* ========================================================================
+
+   (C) Copyright 2023 by Molly Rocket, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
+   
+   This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+   warranty. In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+   arising from the use of this software.
+   
+   Please see https://computerenhance.com for more information
+   
+   ======================================================================== */
+
+/* ========================================================================
+   LISTING 72
+   ======================================================================== */
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+typedef uint64_t u64;
+typedef double f64;
+
+#include "listing_0070_platform_metrics.cpp"
+
+int main(void)
+{
+	u64 OSFreq = GetOSTimerFreq();
+	printf("    OS Freq: %llu\n", OSFreq);
+
+	u64 CPUStart = ReadCPUTimer();
+	u64 OSStart = ReadOSTimer();
+	u64 OSEnd = 0;
+	u64 OSElapsed = 0;
+	while(OSElapsed < OSFreq)
+	{
+		OSEnd = ReadOSTimer();
+		OSElapsed = OSEnd - OSStart;
+	}
+	
+	u64 CPUEnd = ReadCPUTimer();
+	u64 CPUElapsed = CPUEnd - CPUStart;
+	
+	printf("   OS Timer: %llu -> %llu = %llu elapsed\n", OSStart, OSEnd, OSElapsed);
+	printf(" OS Seconds: %.4f\n", (f64)OSElapsed/(f64)OSFreq);
+	
+	printf("  CPU Timer: %llu -> %llu = %llu elapsed\n", CPUStart, CPUEnd, CPUElapsed);
+	
+    return 0;
+}

part2/listing_0073_cpu_timer_guessfreq_main.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+/* ========================================================================
+
+   (C) Copyright 2023 by Molly Rocket, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
+   
+   This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+   warranty. In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+   arising from the use of this software.
+   
+   Please see https://computerenhance.com for more information
+   
+   ======================================================================== */
+
+/* ========================================================================
+   LISTING 73
+   ======================================================================== */
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+typedef uint64_t u64;
+typedef double f64;
+
+#include "listing_0070_platform_metrics.cpp"
+
+int main(int ArgCount, char **Args)
+{
+	u64 MillisecondsToWait = 1000;
+	if(ArgCount == 2)
+	{
+		MillisecondsToWait = atol(Args[1]);
+	}
+
+	u64 OSFreq = GetOSTimerFreq();
+	printf("    OS Freq: %llu (reported)\n", OSFreq);
+
+	u64 CPUStart = ReadCPUTimer();
+	u64 OSStart = ReadOSTimer();
+	u64 OSEnd = 0;
+	u64 OSElapsed = 0;
+	u64 OSWaitTime = OSFreq * MillisecondsToWait / 1000;
+	while(OSElapsed < OSWaitTime)
+	{
+		OSEnd = ReadOSTimer();
+		OSElapsed = OSEnd - OSStart;
+	}
+	
+	u64 CPUEnd = ReadCPUTimer();
+	u64 CPUElapsed = CPUEnd - CPUStart;
+	u64 CPUFreq = 0;
+	if(OSElapsed)
+	{
+		CPUFreq = OSFreq * CPUElapsed / OSElapsed;
+	}
+	
+	printf("   OS Timer: %llu -> %llu = %llu elapsed\n", OSStart, OSEnd, OSElapsed);
+	printf(" OS Seconds: %.4f\n", (f64)OSElapsed/(f64)OSFreq);
+	
+	printf("  CPU Timer: %llu -> %llu = %llu elapsed\n", CPUStart, CPUEnd, CPUElapsed);
+	printf("   CPU Freq: %llu (guessed)\n", CPUFreq);
+	
+    return 0;
+}

part2/listing_0074_platform_metrics.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+/* ========================================================================
+
+   (C) Copyright 2023 by Molly Rocket, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
+   
+   This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+   warranty. In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+   arising from the use of this software.
+   
+   Please see https://computerenhance.com for more information
+   
+   ======================================================================== */
+
+/* ========================================================================
+   LISTING 74
+   ======================================================================== */
+
+#if _WIN32
+
+#include <intrin.h>
+#include <windows.h>
+
+static u64 GetOSTimerFreq(void)
+{
+	LARGE_INTEGER Freq;
+	QueryPerformanceFrequency(&Freq);
+	return Freq.QuadPart;
+}
+
+static u64 ReadOSTimer(void)
+{
+	LARGE_INTEGER Value;
+	QueryPerformanceCounter(&Value);
+	return Value.QuadPart;
+}
+
+#else
+
+#include <x86intrin.h>
+#include <sys/time.h>
+
+static u64 GetOSTimerFreq(void)
+{
+	return 1000000;
+}
+
+static u64 ReadOSTimer(void)
+{
+	// NOTE(casey): The "struct" keyword is not necessary here when compiling in C++,
+	// but just in case anyone is using this file from C, I include it.
+	struct timeval Value;
+	gettimeofday(&Value, 0);
+	
+	u64 Result = GetOSTimerFreq()*(u64)Value.tv_sec + (u64)Value.tv_usec;
+	return Result;
+}
+
+#endif
+
+/* NOTE(casey): This does not need to be "inline", it could just be "static"
+   because compilers will inline it anyway. But compilers will warn about 
+   static functions that aren't used. So "inline" is just the simplest way 
+   to tell them to stop complaining about that. */
+inline u64 ReadCPUTimer(void)
+{
+	// NOTE(casey): If you were on ARM, you would need to replace __rdtsc
+	// with one of their performance counter read instructions, depending
+	// on which ones are available on your platform.
+	
+	return __rdtsc();
+}
+
+static u64 EstimateCPUTimerFreq(void)
+{
+	u64 MillisecondsToWait = 100;
+	u64 OSFreq = GetOSTimerFreq();
+
+	u64 CPUStart = ReadCPUTimer();
+	u64 OSStart = ReadOSTimer();
+	u64 OSEnd = 0;
+	u64 OSElapsed = 0;
+	u64 OSWaitTime = OSFreq * MillisecondsToWait / 1000;
+	while(OSElapsed < OSWaitTime)
+	{
+		OSEnd = ReadOSTimer();
+		OSElapsed = OSEnd - OSStart;
+	}
+	
+	u64 CPUEnd = ReadCPUTimer();
+	u64 CPUElapsed = CPUEnd - CPUStart;
+	
+	u64 CPUFreq = 0;
+	if(OSElapsed)
+	{
+		CPUFreq = OSFreq * CPUElapsed / OSElapsed;
+	}
+	
+	return CPUFreq;
+}

part2/listing_0075_timed_haversine_main.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,209 @@
+/* ========================================================================
+
+   (C) Copyright 2023 by Molly Rocket, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
+   
+   This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+   warranty. In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+   arising from the use of this software.
+   
+   Please see https://computerenhance.com for more information
+   
+   ======================================================================== */
+
+/* ========================================================================
+   LISTING 75
+   ======================================================================== */
+
+/* NOTE(casey): _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS is here because otherwise we cannot
+   call fopen(). If we replace fopen() with fopen_s() to avoid the warning,
+   then the code doesn't compile on Linux anymore, since fopen_s() does not
+   exist there.
+   
+   What exactly the CRT maintainers were thinking when they made this choice,
+   I have no idea. */
+#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <math.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+
+typedef uint8_t u8;
+typedef uint32_t u32;
+typedef uint64_t u64;
+
+typedef int32_t b32;
+
+typedef float f32;
+typedef double f64;
+
+struct haversine_pair
+{
+    f64 X0, Y0;
+    f64 X1, Y1;
+};
+
+#include "listing_0074_platform_metrics.cpp"
+#include "listing_0065_haversine_formula.cpp"
+#include "listing_0068_buffer.cpp"
+#include "listing_0069_lookup_json_parser.cpp"
+
+static buffer ReadEntireFile(char *FileName)
+{
+    buffer Result = {};
+        
+    FILE *File = fopen(FileName, "rb");
+    if(File)
+    {
+#if _WIN32
+        struct __stat64 Stat;
+        _stat64(FileName, &Stat);
+#else
+        struct stat Stat;
+        stat(FileName, &Stat);
+#endif
+        
+        Result = AllocateBuffer(Stat.st_size);
+        if(Result.Data)
+        {
+            if(fread(Result.Data, Result.Count, 1, File) != 1)
+            {
+                fprintf(stderr, "ERROR: Unable to read \"%s\".\n", FileName);
+                FreeBuffer(&Result);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        fprintf(stderr, "ERROR: Unable to open \"%s\".\n", FileName);
+    }
+    
+    return Result;
+}
+
+static f64 SumHaversineDistances(u64 PairCount, haversine_pair *Pairs)
+{
+    f64 Sum = 0;
+    
+    f64 SumCoef = 1 / (f64)PairCount;
+    for(u64 PairIndex = 0; PairIndex < PairCount; ++PairIndex)
+    {
+        haversine_pair Pair = Pairs[PairIndex];
+        f64 EarthRadius = 6372.8;
+        f64 Dist = ReferenceHaversine(Pair.X0, Pair.Y0, Pair.X1, Pair.Y1, EarthRadius);
+        Sum += SumCoef*Dist;
+    }
+    
+    return Sum;
+}
+
+static void PrintTimeElapsed(char const *Label, u64 TotalTSCElapsed, u64 Begin, u64 End)
+{
+    u64 Elapsed = End - Begin;
+    f64 Percent = 100.0 * ((f64)Elapsed / (f64)TotalTSCElapsed);
+    printf("  %s: %llu (%.2f%%)\n", Label, Elapsed, Percent);
+}
+
+int main(int ArgCount, char **Args)
+{
+    u64 Prof_Begin = 0;
+    u64 Prof_Read = 0;
+    u64 Prof_MiscSetup = 0;
+    u64 Prof_Parse = 0;
+    u64 Prof_Sum = 0;
+    u64 Prof_MiscOutput = 0;
+    u64 Prof_End = 0;
+    
+    Prof_Begin = ReadCPUTimer();
+    
+    int Result = 1;
+    
+    if((ArgCount == 2) || (ArgCount == 3))
+    {
+        Prof_Read = ReadCPUTimer();
+        buffer InputJSON = ReadEntireFile(Args[1]);
+        Prof_MiscSetup = ReadCPUTimer();
+        
+        u32 MinimumJSONPairEncoding = 6*4;
+        u64 MaxPairCount = InputJSON.Count / MinimumJSONPairEncoding;
+        if(MaxPairCount)
+        {
+            buffer ParsedValues = AllocateBuffer(MaxPairCount * sizeof(haversine_pair));
+            if(ParsedValues.Count)
+            {
+                haversine_pair *Pairs = (haversine_pair *)ParsedValues.Data;
+                
+                Prof_Parse = ReadCPUTimer();
+                u64 PairCount = ParseHaversinePairs(InputJSON, MaxPairCount, Pairs);
+                Prof_Sum = ReadCPUTimer();
+                f64 Sum = SumHaversineDistances(PairCount, Pairs);
+                Prof_MiscOutput = ReadCPUTimer();
+                
+                Result = 0;
+                
+                fprintf(stdout, "Input size: %llu\n", InputJSON.Count);
+                fprintf(stdout, "Pair count: %llu\n", PairCount);
+                fprintf(stdout, "Haversine sum: %.16f\n", Sum);
+                
+                if(ArgCount == 3)
+                {
+                    buffer AnswersF64 = ReadEntireFile(Args[2]);
+                    if(AnswersF64.Count >= sizeof(f64))
+                    {
+                        f64 *AnswerValues = (f64 *)AnswersF64.Data;
+                        
+                        fprintf(stdout, "\nValidation:\n");
+                        
+                        u64 RefAnswerCount = (AnswersF64.Count - sizeof(f64)) / sizeof(f64);
+                        if(PairCount != RefAnswerCount)
+                        {
+                            fprintf(stdout, "FAILED - pair count doesn't match %llu.\n", RefAnswerCount);
+                        }
+                        
+                        f64 RefSum = AnswerValues[RefAnswerCount];
+                        fprintf(stdout, "Reference sum: %.16f\n", RefSum);
+                        fprintf(stdout, "Difference: %.16f\n", Sum - RefSum);
+                        
+                        fprintf(stdout, "\n");
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            
+            FreeBuffer(&ParsedValues);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            fprintf(stderr, "ERROR: Malformed input JSON\n");
+        }
+        
+        FreeBuffer(&InputJSON);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s [haversine_input.json]\n", Args[0]);
+        fprintf(stderr, "       %s [haversine_input.json] [answers.f64]\n", Args[0]);
+    }
+    
+    Prof_End = ReadCPUTimer();
+    
+    if(Result == 0)
+    {
+        u64 TotalCPUElapsed = Prof_End - Prof_Begin;
+        
+        u64 CPUFreq = EstimateCPUTimerFreq();
+        if(CPUFreq)
+        {
+            printf("\nTotal time: %0.4fms (CPU freq %llu)\n", 1000.0 * (f64)TotalCPUElapsed / (f64)CPUFreq, CPUFreq);
+        }
+        
+        PrintTimeElapsed("Startup", TotalCPUElapsed, Prof_Begin, Prof_Read);
+        PrintTimeElapsed("Read", TotalCPUElapsed, Prof_Read, Prof_MiscSetup);
+        PrintTimeElapsed("MiscSetup", TotalCPUElapsed, Prof_MiscSetup, Prof_Parse);
+        PrintTimeElapsed("Parse", TotalCPUElapsed, Prof_Parse, Prof_Sum);
+        PrintTimeElapsed("Sum", TotalCPUElapsed, Prof_Sum, Prof_MiscOutput);
+        PrintTimeElapsed("MiscOutput", TotalCPUElapsed, Prof_MiscOutput, Prof_End);
+    }
+    
+    return Result;
+}

part2/listing_0076_simple_profiler.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+/* ========================================================================
+
+   (C) Copyright 2023 by Molly Rocket, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
+   
+   This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+   warranty. In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+   arising from the use of this software.
+   
+   Please see https://computerenhance.com for more information
+   
+   ======================================================================== */
+
+/* ========================================================================
+   LISTING 76
+   ======================================================================== */
+
+#include "listing_0074_platform_metrics.cpp"
+
+struct profile_anchor
+{
+    u64 TSCElapsed;
+    u64 HitCount;
+    char const *Label;
+};
+
+struct profiler
+{
+    profile_anchor Anchors[4096];
+    
+    u64 StartTSC;
+    u64 EndTSC;
+};
+static profiler GlobalProfiler;
+
+struct profile_block
+{
+    profile_block(char const *Label_, u32 AnchorIndex_)
+    {
+        AnchorIndex = AnchorIndex_;
+        Label = Label_;
+        StartTSC = ReadCPUTimer();
+    }
+    
+    ~profile_block(void)
+    {
+        u64 Elapsed = ReadCPUTimer() - StartTSC;
+        
+        profile_anchor *Anchor = GlobalProfiler.Anchors + AnchorIndex;
+        Anchor->TSCElapsed += Elapsed;
+        ++Anchor->HitCount;
+                
+        /* NOTE(casey): This write happens every time solely because there is no
+           straightforward way in C++ to have the same ease-of-use. In a better programming
+           language, it would be simple to have the anchor points gathered and labeled at compile
+           time, and this repetative write would be eliminated. */
+        Anchor->Label = Label;
+    }
+
+    char const *Label;
+    u64 StartTSC;
+    u32 AnchorIndex;
+};
+
+#define NameConcat2(A, B) A##B
+#define NameConcat(A, B) NameConcat2(A, B)
+#define TimeBlock(Name) profile_block NameConcat(Block, __LINE__)(Name, __COUNTER__ + 1);
+#define TimeFunction TimeBlock(__func__)
+
+static void PrintTimeElapsed(u64 TotalTSCElapsed, profile_anchor *Anchor)
+{
+    u64 Elapsed = Anchor->TSCElapsed;
+    f64 Percent = 100.0 * ((f64)Elapsed / (f64)TotalTSCElapsed);
+    printf("  %s[%llu]: %llu (%.2f%%)\n", Anchor->Label, Anchor->HitCount, Elapsed, Percent);
+}
+
+static void BeginProfile(void)
+{
+    GlobalProfiler.StartTSC = ReadCPUTimer();
+}
+
+static void EndAndPrintProfile()
+{
+    GlobalProfiler.EndTSC = ReadCPUTimer();
+    u64 CPUFreq = EstimateCPUTimerFreq();
+    
+    u64 TotalCPUElapsed = GlobalProfiler.EndTSC - GlobalProfiler.StartTSC;
+    
+    if(CPUFreq)
+    {
+        printf("\nTotal time: %0.4fms (CPU freq %llu)\n", 1000.0 * (f64)TotalCPUElapsed / (f64)CPUFreq, CPUFreq);
+    }
+    
+    for(u32 AnchorIndex = 0; AnchorIndex < ArrayCount(GlobalProfiler.Anchors); ++AnchorIndex)
+    {
+        profile_anchor *Anchor = GlobalProfiler.Anchors + AnchorIndex;
+        if(Anchor->TSCElapsed)
+        {
+            PrintTimeElapsed(TotalCPUElapsed, Anchor);
+        }
+    }
+}

part2/listing_0077_profiled_lookup_json_parser.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,509 @@
+/* ========================================================================
+
+   (C) Copyright 2023 by Molly Rocket, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
+   
+   This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+   warranty. In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+   arising from the use of this software.
+   
+   Please see https://computerenhance.com for more information
+   
+   ======================================================================== */
+
+/* ========================================================================
+   LISTING 77
+   ======================================================================== */
+
+enum json_token_type
+{
+    Token_end_of_stream,
+    Token_error,
+    
+    Token_open_brace,
+    Token_open_bracket,
+    Token_close_brace,
+    Token_close_bracket,
+    Token_comma,
+    Token_colon,
+    Token_string_literal,
+    Token_number,
+    Token_true,
+    Token_false,
+    Token_null,
+    
+    Token_count,
+};
+
+struct json_token
+{
+    json_token_type Type;
+    buffer Value;
+};
+
+struct json_element
+{
+    buffer Label;
+    buffer Value;
+    json_element *FirstSubElement;
+    
+    json_element *NextSibling;
+};
+
+struct json_parser
+{
+    buffer Source;
+    u64 At;
+    b32 HadError;
+};
+
+static b32 IsJSONDigit(buffer Source, u64 At)
+{
+    b32 Result = false;
+    if(IsInBounds(Source, At))
+    {
+        u8 Val = Source.Data[At];
+        Result = ((Val >= '0') && (Val <= '9'));
+    }
+    
+    return Result;
+}
+
+static b32 IsJSONWhitespace(buffer Source, u64 At)
+{
+    b32 Result = false;
+    if(IsInBounds(Source, At))
+    {
+        u8 Val = Source.Data[At];
+        Result = ((Val == ' ') || (Val == '\t') || (Val == '\n') || (Val == '\r'));
+    }
+    
+    return Result;
+}
+
+static b32 IsParsing(json_parser *Parser)
+{
+    b32 Result = !Parser->HadError && IsInBounds(Parser->Source, Parser->At);
+    return Result;
+}
+
+static void Error(json_parser *Parser, json_token Token, char const *Message)
+{
+    Parser->HadError = true;
+    fprintf(stderr, "ERROR: \"%.*s\" - %s\n", (u32)Token.Value.Count, (char *)Token.Value.Data, Message);
+}
+
+static void ParseKeyword(buffer Source, u64 *At, buffer KeywordRemaining, json_token_type Type, json_token *Result)
+{
+    if((Source.Count - *At) >= KeywordRemaining.Count)
+    {
+        buffer Check = Source;
+        Check.Data += *At;
+        Check.Count = KeywordRemaining.Count;
+        if(AreEqual(Check, KeywordRemaining))
+        {
+            Result->Type = Type;
+            Result->Value.Count += KeywordRemaining.Count;
+            *At += KeywordRemaining.Count;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+static json_token GetJSONToken(json_parser *Parser)
+{
+    json_token Result = {};
+    
+    buffer Source = Parser->Source;
+    u64 At = Parser->At;
+    
+    while(IsJSONWhitespace(Source, At))
+    {
+        ++At;
+    }
+    
+    if(IsInBounds(Source, At))
+    {
+        Result.Type = Token_error;
+        Result.Value.Count = 1;
+        Result.Value.Data = Source.Data + At;
+        u8 Val = Source.Data[At++];
+        switch(Val)
+        {
+            case '{': {Result.Type = Token_open_brace;} break;
+            case '[': {Result.Type = Token_open_bracket;} break;
+            case '}': {Result.Type = Token_close_brace;} break;
+            case ']': {Result.Type = Token_close_bracket;} break;
+            case ',': {Result.Type = Token_comma;} break;
+            case ':': {Result.Type = Token_colon;} break;
+
+            case 'f':
+            {
+                ParseKeyword(Source, &At, CONSTANT_STRING("alse"), Token_false, &Result);
+            } break;
+            
+            case 'n':
+            {
+                ParseKeyword(Source, &At, CONSTANT_STRING("ull"), Token_null, &Result);
+            } break;
+            
+            case 't':
+            {
+                ParseKeyword(Source, &At, CONSTANT_STRING("rue"), Token_true, &Result);
+            } break;
+            
+            case '"':
+            {
+                Result.Type = Token_string_literal;
+                
+                u64 StringStart = At;
+                
+                while(IsInBounds(Source, At) && (Source.Data[At] != '"'))
+                {
+                    if(IsInBounds(Source, (At + 1)) &&
+                       (Source.Data[At] == '\\') &&
+                       (Source.Data[At + 1] == '"'))
+                    {
+                        // NOTE(casey): Skip escaped quotation marks
+                        ++At;
+                    }
+                    
+                    ++At;
+                }
+                
+                Result.Value.Data = Source.Data + StringStart;
+                Result.Value.Count = At - StringStart;
+                if(IsInBounds(Source, At))
+                {
+                    ++At;
+                }
+            } break;
+
+            case '-':
+            case '0':
+            case '1':
+            case '2':
+            case '3':
+            case '4':
+            case '5':
+            case '6':
+            case '7':
+            case '8':
+            case '9':
+            {
+                u64 Start = At - 1;
+                Result.Type = Token_number;
+
+                // NOTE(casey): Move past a leading negative sign if one exists
+                if((Val == '-') && IsInBounds(Source, At))
+                {
+                    Val = Source.Data[At++];
+                }
+                
+                // NOTE(casey): If the leading digit wasn't 0, parse any digits before the decimal point
+                if(Val != '0')
+                {
+                    while(IsJSONDigit(Source, At))
+                    {
+                        ++At;
+                    }
+                }
+                
+                // NOTE(casey): If there is a decimal point, parse any digits after the decimal point
+                if(IsInBounds(Source, At) && (Source.Data[At] == '.'))
+                {
+                    ++At;
+                    while(IsJSONDigit(Source, At))
+                    {
+                        ++At;
+                    }
+                }
+                
+                // NOTE(casey): If it's in scientific notation, parse any digits after the "e"
+                if(IsInBounds(Source, At) && ((Source.Data[At] == 'e') || (Source.Data[At] == 'E')))
+                {
+                    ++At;
+                    
+                    if(IsInBounds(Source, At) && ((Source.Data[At] == '+') || (Source.Data[At] == '-')))
+                    {
+                        ++At;
+                    }
+                    
+                    while(IsJSONDigit(Source, At))
+                    {
+                        ++At;
+                    }
+                }
+                
+                Result.Value.Count = At - Start;
+            } break;
+            
+            default:
+            {
+            } break;
+        }
+    }
+    
+    Parser->At = At;
+    
+    return Result;
+}
+
+static json_element *ParseJSONList(json_parser *Parser, json_token_type EndType, b32 HasLabels);
+static json_element *ParseJSONElement(json_parser *Parser, buffer Label, json_token Value)
+{
+    b32 Valid = true;
+    
+    json_element *SubElement = 0;
+    if(Value.Type == Token_open_bracket)
+    {
+        SubElement = ParseJSONList(Parser, Token_close_bracket, false);
+    }
+    else if(Value.Type == Token_open_brace)
+    {
+        SubElement = ParseJSONList(Parser, Token_close_brace, true);
+    }
+    else if((Value.Type == Token_string_literal) ||
+            (Value.Type == Token_true) ||
+            (Value.Type == Token_false) ||
+            (Value.Type == Token_null) ||
+            (Value.Type == Token_number))
+    {
+        // NOTE(casey): Nothing to do here, since there is no additional data
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        Valid = false;
+    }
+    
+    json_element *Result = 0;
+    
+    if(Valid)
+    {
+        Result = (json_element *)malloc(sizeof(json_element));
+        Result->Label = Label;
+        Result->Value = Value.Value;
+        Result->FirstSubElement = SubElement;
+        Result->NextSibling = 0;
+    }
+    
+    return Result;
+}
+
+static json_element *ParseJSONList(json_parser *Parser, json_token_type EndType, b32 HasLabels)
+{
+    json_element *FirstElement = {};
+    json_element *LastElement = {};
+    
+    while(IsParsing(Parser))
+    {
+        buffer Label = {};
+        json_token Value = GetJSONToken(Parser);
+        if(HasLabels)
+        {
+            if(Value.Type == Token_string_literal)
+            {
+                Label = Value.Value;
+                
+                json_token Colon = GetJSONToken(Parser);
+                if(Colon.Type == Token_colon)
+                {
+                    Value = GetJSONToken(Parser);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    Error(Parser, Colon, "Expected colon after field name");
+                }
+            }
+            else if(Value.Type != EndType)
+            {
+                Error(Parser, Value, "Unexpected token in JSON");
+            }
+        }
+        
+        json_element *Element = ParseJSONElement(Parser, Label, Value);
+        if(Element)
+        {
+            LastElement = (LastElement ? LastElement->NextSibling : FirstElement) = Element;
+        }
+        else if(Value.Type == EndType)
+        {
+            break;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            Error(Parser, Value, "Unexpected token in JSON");
+        }
+        
+        json_token Comma = GetJSONToken(Parser);
+        if(Comma.Type == EndType)
+        {
+            break;
+        }
+        else if(Comma.Type != Token_comma)
+        {
+            Error(Parser, Comma, "Unexpected token in JSON");
+        }
+    }
+    
+    return FirstElement;
+}
+
+static json_element *ParseJSON(buffer InputJSON)
+{
+    json_parser Parser = {};
+    Parser.Source = InputJSON;
+    
+    json_element *Result = ParseJSONElement(&Parser, {}, GetJSONToken(&Parser));
+    return Result;
+}
+
+static void FreeJSON(json_element *Element)
+{
+    while(Element)
+    {
+        json_element *FreeElement = Element;
+        Element = Element->NextSibling;
+    
+        FreeJSON(FreeElement->FirstSubElement);
+        free(FreeElement);
+    }
+}
+
+static json_element *LookupElement(json_element *Object, buffer ElementName)
+{
+    json_element *Result = 0;
+    
+    if(Object)
+    {
+        for(json_element *Search = Object->FirstSubElement; Search; Search = Search->NextSibling)
+        {
+            if(AreEqual(Search->Label, ElementName))
+            {
+                Result = Search;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    
+    return Result;
+}
+
+static f64 ConvertJSONSign(buffer Source, u64 *AtResult)
+{
+    u64 At = *AtResult;
+
+    f64 Result = 1.0;
+    if(IsInBounds(Source, At) && (Source.Data[At] == '-'))
+    {
+        Result = -1.0;
+        ++At;
+    }
+    
+    *AtResult = At;
+
+    return Result;
+}
+
+static f64 ConvertJSONNumber(buffer Source, u64 *AtResult)
+{
+    u64 At = *AtResult;
+    
+    f64 Result = 0.0;
+    while(IsInBounds(Source, At))
+    {
+        u8 Char = Source.Data[At] - (u8)'0';
+        if(Char < 10)
+        {
+            Result = 10.0*Result + (f64)Char;
+            ++At;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    
+    *AtResult = At;
+    
+    return Result;
+}
+
+static f64 ConvertElementToF64(json_element *Object, buffer ElementName)
+{
+    f64 Result = 0.0;
+    
+    json_element *Element = LookupElement(Object, ElementName);
+    if(Element)
+    {
+        buffer Source = Element->Value;
+        u64 At = 0;
+        
+        f64 Sign = ConvertJSONSign(Source, &At);
+        f64 Number = ConvertJSONNumber(Source, &At);
+        
+        if(IsInBounds(Source, At) && (Source.Data[At] == '.'))
+        {
+            ++At;
+            f64 C = 1.0 / 10.0;
+            while(IsInBounds(Source, At))
+            {
+                u8 Char = Source.Data[At] - (u8)'0';
+                if(Char < 10)
+                {
+                    Number = Number + C*(f64)Char;
+                    C *= 1.0 / 10.0;
+                    ++At;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        
+        if(IsInBounds(Source, At) && ((Source.Data[At] == 'e') || (Source.Data[At] == 'E')))
+        {
+            ++At;
+            if(IsInBounds(Source, At) && (Source.Data[At] == '+'))
+            {
+                ++At;
+            }
+
+            f64 ExponentSign = ConvertJSONSign(Source, &At);
+            f64 Exponent = ExponentSign*ConvertJSONNumber(Source, &At);
+            Number *= pow(10.0, Exponent);
+        }
+        
+        Result = Sign*Number;
+    }
+    
+    return Result;
+}
+
+static u64 ParseHaversinePairs(buffer InputJSON, u64 MaxPairCount, haversine_pair *Pairs)
+{
+    TimeFunction;
+
+    u64 PairCount = 0;
+    
+    json_element *JSON = ParseJSON(InputJSON);
+    
+    json_element *PairsArray = LookupElement(JSON, CONSTANT_STRING("pairs"));
+    if(PairsArray)
+    {
+        for(json_element *Element = PairsArray->FirstSubElement;
+            Element && (PairCount < MaxPairCount);
+            Element = Element->NextSibling)
+        {
+            haversine_pair *Pair = Pairs + PairCount++;
+            
+            Pair->X0 = ConvertElementToF64(Element, CONSTANT_STRING("x0"));
+            Pair->Y0 = ConvertElementToF64(Element, CONSTANT_STRING("y0"));
+            Pair->X1 = ConvertElementToF64(Element, CONSTANT_STRING("x1"));
+            Pair->Y1 = ConvertElementToF64(Element, CONSTANT_STRING("y1"));
+        }
+    }
+    
+    FreeJSON(JSON);
+    
+    return PairCount;
+}

part2/listing_0078_profiled_haversine_main.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+/* ========================================================================
+
+   (C) Copyright 2023 by Molly Rocket, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
+   
+   This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+   warranty. In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+   arising from the use of this software.
+   
+   Please see https://computerenhance.com for more information
+   
+   ======================================================================== */
+
+/* ========================================================================
+   LISTING 78
+   ======================================================================== */
+
+/* NOTE(casey): _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS is here because otherwise we cannot
+   call fopen(). If we replace fopen() with fopen_s() to avoid the warning,
+   then the code doesn't compile on Linux anymore, since fopen_s() does not
+   exist there.
+   
+   What exactly the CRT maintainers were thinking when they made this choice,
+   I have no idea. */
+#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <math.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+
+typedef uint8_t u8;
+typedef uint32_t u32;
+typedef uint64_t u64;
+
+typedef int32_t b32;
+
+typedef float f32;
+typedef double f64;
+
+#define ArrayCount(Array) (sizeof(Array)/sizeof((Array)[0]))
+
+struct haversine_pair
+{
+    f64 X0, Y0;
+    f64 X1, Y1;
+};
+
+#include "listing_0076_simple_profiler.cpp"
+#include "listing_0065_haversine_formula.cpp"
+#include "listing_0068_buffer.cpp"
+#include "listing_0077_profiled_lookup_json_parser.cpp"
+
+static buffer ReadEntireFile(char *FileName)
+{
+    TimeFunction;
+    
+    buffer Result = {};
+        
+    FILE *File = fopen(FileName, "rb");
+    if(File)
+    {
+#if _WIN32
+        struct __stat64 Stat;
+        _stat64(FileName, &Stat);
+#else
+        struct stat Stat;
+        stat(FileName, &Stat);
+#endif
+        
+        Result = AllocateBuffer(Stat.st_size);
+        if(Result.Data)
+        {
+            if(fread(Result.Data, Result.Count, 1, File) != 1)
+            {
+                fprintf(stderr, "ERROR: Unable to read \"%s\".\n", FileName);
+                FreeBuffer(&Result);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        fprintf(stderr, "ERROR: Unable to open \"%s\".\n", FileName);
+    }
+    
+    return Result;
+}
+
+static f64 SumHaversineDistances(u64 PairCount, haversine_pair *Pairs)
+{
+    TimeFunction;
+    
+    f64 Sum = 0;
+    
+    f64 SumCoef = 1 / (f64)PairCount;
+    for(u64 PairIndex = 0; PairIndex < PairCount; ++PairIndex)
+    {
+        haversine_pair Pair = Pairs[PairIndex];
+        f64 EarthRadius = 6372.8;
+        f64 Dist = ReferenceHaversine(Pair.X0, Pair.Y0, Pair.X1, Pair.Y1, EarthRadius);
+        Sum += SumCoef*Dist;
+    }
+    
+    return Sum;
+}
+
+int main(int ArgCount, char **Args)
+{
+    BeginProfile();
+	
+    int Result = 1;
+    
+    if((ArgCount == 2) || (ArgCount == 3))
+    {
+        buffer InputJSON = ReadEntireFile(Args[1]);
+        
+        u32 MinimumJSONPairEncoding = 6*4;
+        u64 MaxPairCount = InputJSON.Count / MinimumJSONPairEncoding;
+        if(MaxPairCount)
+        {
+            buffer ParsedValues = AllocateBuffer(MaxPairCount * sizeof(haversine_pair));
+            if(ParsedValues.Count)
+            {
+                haversine_pair *Pairs = (haversine_pair *)ParsedValues.Data;
+				
+                u64 PairCount = ParseHaversinePairs(InputJSON, MaxPairCount, Pairs);
+                f64 Sum = SumHaversineDistances(PairCount, Pairs);
+                
+				Result = 0;
+
+                fprintf(stdout, "Input size: %llu\n", InputJSON.Count);
+                fprintf(stdout, "Pair count: %llu\n", PairCount);
+                fprintf(stdout, "Haversine sum: %.16f\n", Sum);
+                
+                if(ArgCount == 3)
+                {
+                    buffer AnswersF64 = ReadEntireFile(Args[2]);
+                    if(AnswersF64.Count >= sizeof(f64))
+                    {
+                        f64 *AnswerValues = (f64 *)AnswersF64.Data;
+                        
+                        fprintf(stdout, "\nValidation:\n");
+                        
+                        u64 RefAnswerCount = (AnswersF64.Count - sizeof(f64)) / sizeof(f64);
+                        if(PairCount != RefAnswerCount)
+                        {
+                            fprintf(stdout, "FAILED - pair count doesn't match %llu.\n", RefAnswerCount);
+                        }
+                        
+                        f64 RefSum = AnswerValues[RefAnswerCount];
+                        fprintf(stdout, "Reference sum: %.16f\n", RefSum);
+                        fprintf(stdout, "Difference: %.16f\n", Sum - RefSum);
+                        
+                        fprintf(stdout, "\n");
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            
+            FreeBuffer(&ParsedValues);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            fprintf(stderr, "ERROR: Malformed input JSON\n");
+        }
+
+        FreeBuffer(&InputJSON);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s [haversine_input.json]\n", Args[0]);
+        fprintf(stderr, "       %s [haversine_input.json] [answers.f64]\n", Args[0]);
+    }
+
+    if(Result == 0)
+	{
+        EndAndPrintProfile();
+	}
+		
+    return Result;
+}
+
+static_assert(__COUNTER__ < ArrayCount(profiler::Anchors), "Number of profile points exceeds size of profiler::Anchors array");

part2/listing_0079_timedblock_lookup_json_parser.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,510 @@
+/* ========================================================================
+
+   (C) Copyright 2023 by Molly Rocket, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
+   
+   This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+   warranty. In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+   arising from the use of this software.
+   
+   Please see https://computerenhance.com for more information
+   
+   ======================================================================== */
+
+/* ========================================================================
+   LISTING 79
+   ======================================================================== */
+
+enum json_token_type
+{
+    Token_end_of_stream,
+    Token_error,
+    
+    Token_open_brace,
+    Token_open_bracket,
+    Token_close_brace,
+    Token_close_bracket,
+    Token_comma,
+    Token_colon,
+    Token_string_literal,
+    Token_number,
+    Token_true,
+    Token_false,
+    Token_null,
+    
+    Token_count,
+};
+
+struct json_token
+{
+    json_token_type Type;
+    buffer Value;
+};
+
+struct json_element
+{
+    buffer Label;
+    buffer Value;
+    json_element *FirstSubElement;
+    
+    json_element *NextSibling;
+};
+
+struct json_parser
+{
+    buffer Source;
+    u64 At;
+    b32 HadError;
+};
+
+static b32 IsJSONDigit(buffer Source, u64 At)
+{
+    b32 Result = false;
+    if(IsInBounds(Source, At))
+    {
+        u8 Val = Source.Data[At];
+        Result = ((Val >= '0') && (Val <= '9'));
+    }
+    
+    return Result;
+}
+
+static b32 IsJSONWhitespace(buffer Source, u64 At)
+{
+    b32 Result = false;
+    if(IsInBounds(Source, At))
+    {
+        u8 Val = Source.Data[At];
+        Result = ((Val == ' ') || (Val == '\t') || (Val == '\n') || (Val == '\r'));
+    }
+    
+    return Result;
+}
+
+static b32 IsParsing(json_parser *Parser)
+{
+    b32 Result = !Parser->HadError && IsInBounds(Parser->Source, Parser->At);
+    return Result;
+}
+
+static void Error(json_parser *Parser, json_token Token, char const *Message)
+{
+    Parser->HadError = true;
+    fprintf(stderr, "ERROR: \"%.*s\" - %s\n", (u32)Token.Value.Count, (char *)Token.Value.Data, Message);
+}
+
+static void ParseKeyword(buffer Source, u64 *At, buffer KeywordRemaining, json_token_type Type, json_token *Result)
+{
+    if((Source.Count - *At) >= KeywordRemaining.Count)
+    {
+        buffer Check = Source;
+        Check.Data += *At;
+        Check.Count = KeywordRemaining.Count;
+        if(AreEqual(Check, KeywordRemaining))
+        {
+            Result->Type = Type;
+            Result->Value.Count += KeywordRemaining.Count;
+            *At += KeywordRemaining.Count;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+static json_token GetJSONToken(json_parser *Parser)
+{
+    json_token Result = {};
+    
+    buffer Source = Parser->Source;
+    u64 At = Parser->At;
+    
+    while(IsJSONWhitespace(Source, At))
+    {
+        ++At;
+    }
+    
+    if(IsInBounds(Source, At))
+    {
+        Result.Type = Token_error;
+        Result.Value.Count = 1;
+        Result.Value.Data = Source.Data + At;
+        u8 Val = Source.Data[At++];
+        switch(Val)
+        {
+            case '{': {Result.Type = Token_open_brace;} break;
+            case '[': {Result.Type = Token_open_bracket;} break;
+            case '}': {Result.Type = Token_close_brace;} break;
+            case ']': {Result.Type = Token_close_bracket;} break;
+            case ',': {Result.Type = Token_comma;} break;
+            case ':': {Result.Type = Token_colon;} break;
+
+            case 'f':
+            {
+                ParseKeyword(Source, &At, CONSTANT_STRING("alse"), Token_false, &Result);
+            } break;
+            
+            case 'n':
+            {
+                ParseKeyword(Source, &At, CONSTANT_STRING("ull"), Token_null, &Result);
+            } break;
+            
+            case 't':
+            {
+                ParseKeyword(Source, &At, CONSTANT_STRING("rue"), Token_true, &Result);
+            } break;
+            
+            case '"':
+            {
+                Result.Type = Token_string_literal;
+                
+                u64 StringStart = At;
+                
+                while(IsInBounds(Source, At) && (Source.Data[At] != '"'))
+                {
+                    if(IsInBounds(Source, (At + 1)) &&
+                       (Source.Data[At] == '\\') &&
+                       (Source.Data[At + 1] == '"'))
+                    {
+                        // NOTE(casey): Skip escaped quotation marks
+                        ++At;
+                    }
+                    
+                    ++At;
+                }
+                
+                Result.Value.Data = Source.Data + StringStart;
+                Result.Value.Count = At - StringStart;
+                if(IsInBounds(Source, At))
+                {
+                    ++At;
+                }
+            } break;
+
+            case '-':
+            case '0':
+            case '1':
+            case '2':
+            case '3':
+            case '4':
+            case '5':
+            case '6':
+            case '7':
+            case '8':
+            case '9':
+            {
+                u64 Start = At - 1;
+                Result.Type = Token_number;
+
+                // NOTE(casey): Move past a leading negative sign if one exists
+                if((Val == '-') && IsInBounds(Source, At))
+                {
+                    Val = Source.Data[At++];
+                }
+                
+                // NOTE(casey): If the leading digit wasn't 0, parse any digits before the decimal point
+                if(Val != '0')
+                {
+                    while(IsJSONDigit(Source, At))
+                    {
+                        ++At;
+                    }
+                }
+                
+                // NOTE(casey): If there is a decimal point, parse any digits after the decimal point
+                if(IsInBounds(Source, At) && (Source.Data[At] == '.'))
+                {
+                    ++At;
+                    while(IsJSONDigit(Source, At))
+                    {
+                        ++At;
+                    }
+                }
+                
+                // NOTE(casey): If it's in scientific notation, parse any digits after the "e"
+                if(IsInBounds(Source, At) && ((Source.Data[At] == 'e') || (Source.Data[At] == 'E')))
+                {
+                    ++At;
+                    
+                    if(IsInBounds(Source, At) && ((Source.Data[At] == '+') || (Source.Data[At] == '-')))
+                    {
+                        ++At;
+                    }
+                    
+                    while(IsJSONDigit(Source, At))
+                    {
+                        ++At;
+                    }
+                }
+                
+                Result.Value.Count = At - Start;
+            } break;
+            
+            default:
+            {
+            } break;
+        }
+    }
+    
+    Parser->At = At;
+    
+    return Result;
+}
+
+static json_element *ParseJSONList(json_parser *Parser, json_token_type EndType, b32 HasLabels);
+static json_element *ParseJSONElement(json_parser *Parser, buffer Label, json_token Value)
+{
+    b32 Valid = true;
+    
+    json_element *SubElement = 0;
+    if(Value.Type == Token_open_bracket)
+    {
+        SubElement = ParseJSONList(Parser, Token_close_bracket, false);
+    }
+    else if(Value.Type == Token_open_brace)
+    {
+        SubElement = ParseJSONList(Parser, Token_close_brace, true);
+    }
+    else if((Value.Type == Token_string_literal) ||
+            (Value.Type == Token_true) ||
+            (Value.Type == Token_false) ||
+            (Value.Type == Token_null) ||
+            (Value.Type == Token_number))
+    {
+        // NOTE(casey): Nothing to do here, since there is no additional data
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        Valid = false;
+    }
+    
+    json_element *Result = 0;
+    
+    if(Valid)
+    {
+        Result = (json_element *)malloc(sizeof(json_element));
+        Result->Label = Label;
+        Result->Value = Value.Value;
+        Result->FirstSubElement = SubElement;
+        Result->NextSibling = 0;
+    }
+    
+    return Result;
+}
+
+static json_element *ParseJSONList(json_parser *Parser, json_token_type EndType, b32 HasLabels)
+{
+    json_element *FirstElement = {};
+    json_element *LastElement = {};
+    
+    while(IsParsing(Parser))
+    {
+        buffer Label = {};
+        json_token Value = GetJSONToken(Parser);
+        if(HasLabels)
+        {
+            if(Value.Type == Token_string_literal)
+            {
+                Label = Value.Value;
+                
+                json_token Colon = GetJSONToken(Parser);
+                if(Colon.Type == Token_colon)
+                {
+                    Value = GetJSONToken(Parser);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    Error(Parser, Colon, "Expected colon after field name");
+                }
+            }
+            else if(Value.Type != EndType)
+            {
+                Error(Parser, Value, "Unexpected token in JSON");
+            }
+        }
+        
+        json_element *Element = ParseJSONElement(Parser, Label, Value);
+        if(Element)
+        {
+            LastElement = (LastElement ? LastElement->NextSibling : FirstElement) = Element;
+        }
+        else if(Value.Type == EndType)
+        {
+            break;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            Error(Parser, Value, "Unexpected token in JSON");
+        }
+        
+        json_token Comma = GetJSONToken(Parser);
+        if(Comma.Type == EndType)
+        {
+            break;
+        }
+        else if(Comma.Type != Token_comma)
+        {
+            Error(Parser, Comma, "Unexpected token in JSON");
+        }
+    }
+    
+    return FirstElement;
+}
+
+static json_element *ParseJSON(buffer InputJSON)
+{
+    json_parser Parser = {};
+    Parser.Source = InputJSON;
+    
+    json_element *Result = ParseJSONElement(&Parser, {}, GetJSONToken(&Parser));
+    return Result;
+}
+
+static void FreeJSON(json_element *Element)
+{
+    while(Element)
+    {
+        json_element *FreeElement = Element;
+        Element = Element->NextSibling;
+    
+        FreeJSON(FreeElement->FirstSubElement);
+        free(FreeElement);
+    }
+}
+
+static json_element *LookupElement(json_element *Object, buffer ElementName)
+{
+    json_element *Result = 0;
+    
+    if(Object)
+    {
+        for(json_element *Search = Object->FirstSubElement; Search; Search = Search->NextSibling)
+        {
+            if(AreEqual(Search->Label, ElementName))
+            {
+                Result = Search;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    
+    return Result;
+}
+
+static f64 ConvertJSONSign(buffer Source, u64 *AtResult)
+{
+    u64 At = *AtResult;
+
+    f64 Result = 1.0;
+    if(IsInBounds(Source, At) && (Source.Data[At] == '-'))
+    {
+        Result = -1.0;
+        ++At;
+    }
+    
+    *AtResult = At;
+
+    return Result;
+}
+
+static f64 ConvertJSONNumber(buffer Source, u64 *AtResult)
+{
+    u64 At = *AtResult;
+    
+    f64 Result = 0.0;
+    while(IsInBounds(Source, At))
+    {
+        u8 Char = Source.Data[At] - (u8)'0';
+        if(Char < 10)
+        {
+            Result = 10.0*Result + (f64)Char;
+            ++At;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    
+    *AtResult = At;
+    
+    return Result;
+}
+
+static f64 ConvertElementToF64(json_element *Object, buffer ElementName)
+{
+    f64 Result = 0.0;
+    
+    json_element *Element = LookupElement(Object, ElementName);
+    if(Element)
+    {
+        buffer Source = Element->Value;
+        u64 At = 0;
+        
+        f64 Sign = ConvertJSONSign(Source, &At);
+        f64 Number = ConvertJSONNumber(Source, &At);
+        
+        if(IsInBounds(Source, At) && (Source.Data[At] == '.'))
+        {
+            ++At;
+            f64 C = 1.0 / 10.0;
+            while(IsInBounds(Source, At))
+            {
+                u8 Char = Source.Data[At] - (u8)'0';
+                if(Char < 10)
+                {
+                    Number = Number + C*(f64)Char;
+                    C *= 1.0 / 10.0;
+                    ++At;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        
+        if(IsInBounds(Source, At) && ((Source.Data[At] == 'e') || (Source.Data[At] == 'E')))
+        {
+            ++At;
+            if(IsInBounds(Source, At) && (Source.Data[At] == '+'))
+            {
+                ++At;
+            }
+
+            f64 ExponentSign = ConvertJSONSign(Source, &At);
+            f64 Exponent = ExponentSign*ConvertJSONNumber(Source, &At);
+            Number *= pow(10.0, Exponent);
+        }
+        
+        Result = Sign*Number;
+    }
+    
+    return Result;
+}
+
+static u64 ParseHaversinePairs(buffer InputJSON, u64 MaxPairCount, haversine_pair *Pairs)
+{
+    TimeFunction;
+
+    u64 PairCount = 0;
+    
+    json_element *JSON = ParseJSON(InputJSON);
+    
+    json_element *PairsArray = LookupElement(JSON, CONSTANT_STRING("pairs"));
+    if(PairsArray)
+    {
+        TimeBlock("Lookup and Convert");
+        for(json_element *Element = PairsArray->FirstSubElement;
+            Element && (PairCount < MaxPairCount);
+            Element = Element->NextSibling)
+        {
+            haversine_pair *Pair = Pairs + PairCount++;
+            
+            Pair->X0 = ConvertElementToF64(Element, CONSTANT_STRING("x0"));
+            Pair->Y0 = ConvertElementToF64(Element, CONSTANT_STRING("y0"));
+            Pair->X1 = ConvertElementToF64(Element, CONSTANT_STRING("x1"));
+            Pair->Y1 = ConvertElementToF64(Element, CONSTANT_STRING("y1"));
+        }
+    }
+    
+    FreeJSON(JSON);
+    
+    return PairCount;
+}

part2/listing_0080_double_counted_haversine_main.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+/* ========================================================================
+
+   (C) Copyright 2023 by Molly Rocket, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
+   
+   This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+   warranty. In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+   arising from the use of this software.
+   
+   Please see https://computerenhance.com for more information
+   
+   ======================================================================== */
+
+/* ========================================================================
+   LISTING 80
+   ======================================================================== */
+
+/* NOTE(casey): _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS is here because otherwise we cannot
+   call fopen(). If we replace fopen() with fopen_s() to avoid the warning,
+   then the code doesn't compile on Linux anymore, since fopen_s() does not
+   exist there.
+   
+   What exactly the CRT maintainers were thinking when they made this choice,
+   I have no idea. */
+#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <math.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+
+typedef uint8_t u8;
+typedef uint32_t u32;
+typedef uint64_t u64;
+
+typedef int32_t b32;
+
+typedef float f32;
+typedef double f64;
+
+#define ArrayCount(Array) (sizeof(Array)/sizeof((Array)[0]))
+
+struct haversine_pair
+{
+    f64 X0, Y0;
+    f64 X1, Y1;
+};
+
+#include "listing_0076_simple_profiler.cpp"
+#include "listing_0065_haversine_formula.cpp"
+#include "listing_0068_buffer.cpp"
+#include "listing_0079_timedblock_lookup_json_parser.cpp"
+
+static buffer ReadEntireFile(char *FileName)
+{
+    TimeFunction;
+    
+    buffer Result = {};
+        
+    FILE *File = fopen(FileName, "rb");
+    if(File)
+    {
+#if _WIN32
+        struct __stat64 Stat;
+        _stat64(FileName, &Stat);
+#else
+        struct stat Stat;
+        stat(FileName, &Stat);
+#endif
+        
+        Result = AllocateBuffer(Stat.st_size);
+        if(Result.Data)
+        {
+            if(fread(Result.Data, Result.Count, 1, File) != 1)
+            {
+                fprintf(stderr, "ERROR: Unable to read \"%s\".\n", FileName);
+                FreeBuffer(&Result);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        fprintf(stderr, "ERROR: Unable to open \"%s\".\n", FileName);
+    }
+    
+    return Result;
+}
+
+static f64 SumHaversineDistances(u64 PairCount, haversine_pair *Pairs)
+{
+    TimeFunction;
+    
+    f64 Sum = 0;
+    
+    f64 SumCoef = 1 / (f64)PairCount;
+    for(u64 PairIndex = 0; PairIndex < PairCount; ++PairIndex)
+    {
+        haversine_pair Pair = Pairs[PairIndex];
+        f64 EarthRadius = 6372.8;
+        f64 Dist = ReferenceHaversine(Pair.X0, Pair.Y0, Pair.X1, Pair.Y1, EarthRadius);
+        Sum += SumCoef*Dist;
+    }
+    
+    return Sum;
+}
+
+int main(int ArgCount, char **Args)
+{
+    BeginProfile();
+	
+    int Result = 1;
+    
+    if((ArgCount == 2) || (ArgCount == 3))
+    {
+        buffer InputJSON = ReadEntireFile(Args[1]);
+        
+        u32 MinimumJSONPairEncoding = 6*4;
+        u64 MaxPairCount = InputJSON.Count / MinimumJSONPairEncoding;
+        if(MaxPairCount)
+        {
+            buffer ParsedValues = AllocateBuffer(MaxPairCount * sizeof(haversine_pair));
+            if(ParsedValues.Count)
+            {
+                haversine_pair *Pairs = (haversine_pair *)ParsedValues.Data;
+				
+                u64 PairCount = ParseHaversinePairs(InputJSON, MaxPairCount, Pairs);
+                f64 Sum = SumHaversineDistances(PairCount, Pairs);
+                
+				Result = 0;
+
+                fprintf(stdout, "Input size: %llu\n", InputJSON.Count);
+                fprintf(stdout, "Pair count: %llu\n", PairCount);
+                fprintf(stdout, "Haversine sum: %.16f\n", Sum);
+                
+                if(ArgCount == 3)
+                {
+                    buffer AnswersF64 = ReadEntireFile(Args[2]);
+                    if(AnswersF64.Count >= sizeof(f64))
+                    {
+                        f64 *AnswerValues = (f64 *)AnswersF64.Data;
+                        
+                        fprintf(stdout, "\nValidation:\n");
+                        
+                        u64 RefAnswerCount = (AnswersF64.Count - sizeof(f64)) / sizeof(f64);
+                        if(PairCount != RefAnswerCount)
+                        {
+                            fprintf(stdout, "FAILED - pair count doesn't match %llu.\n", RefAnswerCount);
+                        }
+                        
+                        f64 RefSum = AnswerValues[RefAnswerCount];
+                        fprintf(stdout, "Reference sum: %.16f\n", RefSum);
+                        fprintf(stdout, "Difference: %.16f\n", Sum - RefSum);
+                        
+                        fprintf(stdout, "\n");
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            
+            FreeBuffer(&ParsedValues);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            fprintf(stderr, "ERROR: Malformed input JSON\n");
+        }
+
+        FreeBuffer(&InputJSON);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s [haversine_input.json]\n", Args[0]);
+        fprintf(stderr, "       %s [haversine_input.json] [answers.f64]\n", Args[0]);
+    }
+
+    if(Result == 0)
+	{
+        EndAndPrintProfile();
+	}
+		
+    return Result;
+}
+
+static_assert(__COUNTER__ < ArrayCount(profiler::Anchors), "Number of profile points exceeds size of profiler::Anchors array");

part2/listing_0081_nesting_profiler.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+/* ========================================================================
+
+   (C) Copyright 2023 by Molly Rocket, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
+   
+   This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+   warranty. In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+   arising from the use of this software.
+   
+   Please see https://computerenhance.com for more information
+   
+   ======================================================================== */
+
+/* ========================================================================
+   LISTING 81
+   ======================================================================== */
+
+#include "listing_0074_platform_metrics.cpp"
+
+struct profile_anchor
+{
+    u64 TSCElapsed;
+    u64 TSCElapsedChildren;
+    u64 HitCount;
+    char const *Label;
+};
+
+struct profiler
+{
+    profile_anchor Anchors[4096];
+    
+    u64 StartTSC;
+    u64 EndTSC;
+};
+static profiler GlobalProfiler;
+static u32 GlobalProfilerParent;
+
+struct profile_block
+{
+    profile_block(char const *Label_, u32 AnchorIndex_)
+    {
+        ParentIndex = GlobalProfilerParent;
+        
+        AnchorIndex = AnchorIndex_;
+        Label = Label_;
+        
+        GlobalProfilerParent = AnchorIndex;
+        StartTSC = ReadCPUTimer();
+    }
+    
+    ~profile_block(void)
+    {
+        u64 Elapsed = ReadCPUTimer() - StartTSC;
+        GlobalProfilerParent = ParentIndex;
+        
+        profile_anchor *Parent = GlobalProfiler.Anchors + ParentIndex;
+        profile_anchor *Anchor = GlobalProfiler.Anchors + AnchorIndex;
+        
+        Parent->TSCElapsedChildren += Elapsed;
+        Anchor->TSCElapsed += Elapsed;
+        ++Anchor->HitCount;
+                
+        /* NOTE(casey): This write happens every time solely because there is no
+           straightforward way in C++ to have the same ease-of-use. In a better programming
+           language, it would be simple to have the anchor points gathered and labeled at compile
+           time, and this repetative write would be eliminated. */
+        Anchor->Label = Label;
+    }
+
+    char const *Label;
+    u64 StartTSC;
+    u32 ParentIndex;
+    u32 AnchorIndex;
+};
+
+#define NameConcat2(A, B) A##B
+#define NameConcat(A, B) NameConcat2(A, B)
+#define TimeBlock(Name) profile_block NameConcat(Block, __LINE__)(Name, __COUNTER__ + 1);
+#define TimeFunction TimeBlock(__func__)
+
+static void PrintTimeElapsed(u64 TotalTSCElapsed, profile_anchor *Anchor)
+{
+    u64 Elapsed = Anchor->TSCElapsed - Anchor->TSCElapsedChildren;
+    f64 Percent = 100.0 * ((f64)Elapsed / (f64)TotalTSCElapsed);
+    printf("  %s[%llu]: %llu (%.2f%%", Anchor->Label, Anchor->HitCount, Elapsed, Percent);
+    if(Anchor->TSCElapsedChildren)
+    {
+        f64 PercentWithChildren = 100.0 * ((f64)Anchor->TSCElapsed / (f64)TotalTSCElapsed);
+        printf(", %.2f%% w/children", PercentWithChildren);
+    }
+    printf(")\n");
+}
+
+static void BeginProfile(void)
+{
+    GlobalProfiler.StartTSC = ReadCPUTimer();
+}
+
+static void EndAndPrintProfile()
+{
+    GlobalProfiler.EndTSC = ReadCPUTimer();
+    u64 CPUFreq = EstimateCPUTimerFreq();
+    
+    u64 TotalCPUElapsed = GlobalProfiler.EndTSC - GlobalProfiler.StartTSC;
+    
+    if(CPUFreq)
+    {
+        printf("\nTotal time: %0.4fms (CPU freq %llu)\n", 1000.0 * (f64)TotalCPUElapsed / (f64)CPUFreq, CPUFreq);
+    }
+    
+    for(u32 AnchorIndex = 0; AnchorIndex < ArrayCount(GlobalProfiler.Anchors); ++AnchorIndex)
+    {
+        profile_anchor *Anchor = GlobalProfiler.Anchors + AnchorIndex;
+        if(Anchor->TSCElapsed)
+        {
+            PrintTimeElapsed(TotalCPUElapsed, Anchor);
+        }
+    }
+}

part2/listing_0082_nesting_haversine_main.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+/* ========================================================================
+
+   (C) Copyright 2023 by Molly Rocket, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
+   
+   This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+   warranty. In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+   arising from the use of this software.
+   
+   Please see https://computerenhance.com for more information
+   
+   ======================================================================== */
+
+/* ========================================================================
+   LISTING 82
+   ======================================================================== */
+
+/* NOTE(casey): _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS is here because otherwise we cannot
+   call fopen(). If we replace fopen() with fopen_s() to avoid the warning,
+   then the code doesn't compile on Linux anymore, since fopen_s() does not
+   exist there.
+   
+   What exactly the CRT maintainers were thinking when they made this choice,
+   I have no idea. */
+#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <math.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+
+typedef uint8_t u8;
+typedef uint32_t u32;
+typedef uint64_t u64;
+
+typedef int32_t b32;
+
+typedef float f32;
+typedef double f64;
+
+#define ArrayCount(Array) (sizeof(Array)/sizeof((Array)[0]))
+
+struct haversine_pair
+{
+    f64 X0, Y0;
+    f64 X1, Y1;
+};
+
+#include "listing_0081_nesting_profiler.cpp"
+#include "listing_0065_haversine_formula.cpp"
+#include "listing_0068_buffer.cpp"
+#include "listing_0079_timedblock_lookup_json_parser.cpp"
+
+static buffer ReadEntireFile(char *FileName)
+{
+    TimeFunction;
+    
+    buffer Result = {};
+        
+    FILE *File = fopen(FileName, "rb");
+    if(File)
+    {
+#if _WIN32
+        struct __stat64 Stat;
+        _stat64(FileName, &Stat);
+#else
+        struct stat Stat;
+        stat(FileName, &Stat);
+#endif
+        
+        Result = AllocateBuffer(Stat.st_size);
+        if(Result.Data)
+        {
+            if(fread(Result.Data, Result.Count, 1, File) != 1)
+            {
+                fprintf(stderr, "ERROR: Unable to read \"%s\".\n", FileName);
+                FreeBuffer(&Result);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        fprintf(stderr, "ERROR: Unable to open \"%s\".\n", FileName);
+    }
+    
+    return Result;
+}
+
+static f64 SumHaversineDistances(u64 PairCount, haversine_pair *Pairs)
+{
+    TimeFunction;
+    
+    f64 Sum = 0;
+    
+    f64 SumCoef = 1 / (f64)PairCount;
+    for(u64 PairIndex = 0; PairIndex < PairCount; ++PairIndex)
+    {
+        haversine_pair Pair = Pairs[PairIndex];
+        f64 EarthRadius = 6372.8;
+        f64 Dist = ReferenceHaversine(Pair.X0, Pair.Y0, Pair.X1, Pair.Y1, EarthRadius);
+        Sum += SumCoef*Dist;
+    }
+    
+    return Sum;
+}
+
+int main(int ArgCount, char **Args)
+{
+    BeginProfile();
+	
+    int Result = 1;
+    
+    if((ArgCount == 2) || (ArgCount == 3))
+    {
+        buffer InputJSON = ReadEntireFile(Args[1]);
+        
+        u32 MinimumJSONPairEncoding = 6*4;
+        u64 MaxPairCount = InputJSON.Count / MinimumJSONPairEncoding;
+        if(MaxPairCount)
+        {
+            buffer ParsedValues = AllocateBuffer(MaxPairCount * sizeof(haversine_pair));
+            if(ParsedValues.Count)
+            {
+                haversine_pair *Pairs = (haversine_pair *)ParsedValues.Data;
+				
+                u64 PairCount = ParseHaversinePairs(InputJSON, MaxPairCount, Pairs);
+                f64 Sum = SumHaversineDistances(PairCount, Pairs);
+                
+				Result = 0;
+
+                fprintf(stdout, "Input size: %llu\n", InputJSON.Count);
+                fprintf(stdout, "Pair count: %llu\n", PairCount);
+                fprintf(stdout, "Haversine sum: %.16f\n", Sum);
+                
+                if(ArgCount == 3)
+                {
+                    buffer AnswersF64 = ReadEntireFile(Args[2]);
+                    if(AnswersF64.Count >= sizeof(f64))
+                    {
+                        f64 *AnswerValues = (f64 *)AnswersF64.Data;
+                        
+                        fprintf(stdout, "\nValidation:\n");
+                        
+                        u64 RefAnswerCount = (AnswersF64.Count - sizeof(f64)) / sizeof(f64);
+                        if(PairCount != RefAnswerCount)
+                        {
+                            fprintf(stdout, "FAILED - pair count doesn't match %llu.\n", RefAnswerCount);
+                        }
+                        
+                        f64 RefSum = AnswerValues[RefAnswerCount];
+                        fprintf(stdout, "Reference sum: %.16f\n", RefSum);
+                        fprintf(stdout, "Difference: %.16f\n", Sum - RefSum);
+                        
+                        fprintf(stdout, "\n");
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            
+            FreeBuffer(&ParsedValues);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            fprintf(stderr, "ERROR: Malformed input JSON\n");
+        }
+
+        FreeBuffer(&InputJSON);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s [haversine_input.json]\n", Args[0]);
+        fprintf(stderr, "       %s [haversine_input.json] [answers.f64]\n", Args[0]);
+    }
+
+    if(Result == 0)
+	{
+        EndAndPrintProfile();
+	}
+		
+    return Result;
+}
+
+static_assert(__COUNTER__ < ArrayCount(profiler::Anchors), "Number of profile points exceeds size of profiler::Anchors array");

part2/listing_0083_recursive_timed_lookup_json_parser.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,512 @@
+/* ========================================================================
+
+   (C) Copyright 2023 by Molly Rocket, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
+   
+   This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+   warranty. In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+   arising from the use of this software.
+   
+   Please see https://computerenhance.com for more information
+   
+   ======================================================================== */
+
+/* ========================================================================
+   LISTING 83
+   ======================================================================== */
+
+enum json_token_type
+{
+    Token_end_of_stream,
+    Token_error,
+    
+    Token_open_brace,
+    Token_open_bracket,
+    Token_close_brace,
+    Token_close_bracket,
+    Token_comma,
+    Token_colon,
+    Token_string_literal,
+    Token_number,
+    Token_true,
+    Token_false,
+    Token_null,
+    
+    Token_count,
+};
+
+struct json_token
+{
+    json_token_type Type;
+    buffer Value;
+};
+
+struct json_element
+{
+    buffer Label;
+    buffer Value;
+    json_element *FirstSubElement;
+    
+    json_element *NextSibling;
+};
+
+struct json_parser
+{
+    buffer Source;
+    u64 At;
+    b32 HadError;
+};
+
+static b32 IsJSONDigit(buffer Source, u64 At)
+{
+    b32 Result = false;
+    if(IsInBounds(Source, At))
+    {
+        u8 Val = Source.Data[At];
+        Result = ((Val >= '0') && (Val <= '9'));
+    }
+    
+    return Result;
+}
+
+static b32 IsJSONWhitespace(buffer Source, u64 At)
+{
+    b32 Result = false;
+    if(IsInBounds(Source, At))
+    {
+        u8 Val = Source.Data[At];
+        Result = ((Val == ' ') || (Val == '\t') || (Val == '\n') || (Val == '\r'));
+    }
+    
+    return Result;
+}
+
+static b32 IsParsing(json_parser *Parser)
+{
+    b32 Result = !Parser->HadError && IsInBounds(Parser->Source, Parser->At);
+    return Result;
+}
+
+static void Error(json_parser *Parser, json_token Token, char const *Message)
+{
+    Parser->HadError = true;
+    fprintf(stderr, "ERROR: \"%.*s\" - %s\n", (u32)Token.Value.Count, (char *)Token.Value.Data, Message);
+}
+
+static void ParseKeyword(buffer Source, u64 *At, buffer KeywordRemaining, json_token_type Type, json_token *Result)
+{
+    if((Source.Count - *At) >= KeywordRemaining.Count)
+    {
+        buffer Check = Source;
+        Check.Data += *At;
+        Check.Count = KeywordRemaining.Count;
+        if(AreEqual(Check, KeywordRemaining))
+        {
+            Result->Type = Type;
+            Result->Value.Count += KeywordRemaining.Count;
+            *At += KeywordRemaining.Count;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+static json_token GetJSONToken(json_parser *Parser)
+{
+    json_token Result = {};
+    
+    buffer Source = Parser->Source;
+    u64 At = Parser->At;
+    
+    while(IsJSONWhitespace(Source, At))
+    {
+        ++At;
+    }
+    
+    if(IsInBounds(Source, At))
+    {
+        Result.Type = Token_error;
+        Result.Value.Count = 1;
+        Result.Value.Data = Source.Data + At;
+        u8 Val = Source.Data[At++];
+        switch(Val)
+        {
+            case '{': {Result.Type = Token_open_brace;} break;
+            case '[': {Result.Type = Token_open_bracket;} break;
+            case '}': {Result.Type = Token_close_brace;} break;
+            case ']': {Result.Type = Token_close_bracket;} break;
+            case ',': {Result.Type = Token_comma;} break;
+            case ':': {Result.Type = Token_colon;} break;
+
+            case 'f':
+            {
+                ParseKeyword(Source, &At, CONSTANT_STRING("alse"), Token_false, &Result);
+            } break;
+            
+            case 'n':
+            {
+                ParseKeyword(Source, &At, CONSTANT_STRING("ull"), Token_null, &Result);
+            } break;
+            
+            case 't':
+            {
+                ParseKeyword(Source, &At, CONSTANT_STRING("rue"), Token_true, &Result);
+            } break;
+            
+            case '"':
+            {
+                Result.Type = Token_string_literal;
+                
+                u64 StringStart = At;
+                
+                while(IsInBounds(Source, At) && (Source.Data[At] != '"'))
+                {
+                    if(IsInBounds(Source, (At + 1)) &&
+                       (Source.Data[At] == '\\') &&
+                       (Source.Data[At + 1] == '"'))
+                    {
+                        // NOTE(casey): Skip escaped quotation marks
+                        ++At;
+                    }
+                    
+                    ++At;
+                }
+                
+                Result.Value.Data = Source.Data + StringStart;
+                Result.Value.Count = At - StringStart;
+                if(IsInBounds(Source, At))
+                {
+                    ++At;
+                }
+            } break;
+
+            case '-':
+            case '0':
+            case '1':
+            case '2':
+            case '3':
+            case '4':
+            case '5':
+            case '6':
+            case '7':
+            case '8':
+            case '9':
+            {
+                u64 Start = At - 1;
+                Result.Type = Token_number;
+
+                // NOTE(casey): Move past a leading negative sign if one exists
+                if((Val == '-') && IsInBounds(Source, At))
+                {
+                    Val = Source.Data[At++];
+                }
+                
+                // NOTE(casey): If the leading digit wasn't 0, parse any digits before the decimal point
+                if(Val != '0')
+                {
+                    while(IsJSONDigit(Source, At))
+                    {
+                        ++At;
+                    }
+                }
+                
+                // NOTE(casey): If there is a decimal point, parse any digits after the decimal point
+                if(IsInBounds(Source, At) && (Source.Data[At] == '.'))
+                {
+                    ++At;
+                    while(IsJSONDigit(Source, At))
+                    {
+                        ++At;
+                    }
+                }
+                
+                // NOTE(casey): If it's in scientific notation, parse any digits after the "e"
+                if(IsInBounds(Source, At) && ((Source.Data[At] == 'e') || (Source.Data[At] == 'E')))
+                {
+                    ++At;
+                    
+                    if(IsInBounds(Source, At) && ((Source.Data[At] == '+') || (Source.Data[At] == '-')))
+                    {
+                        ++At;
+                    }
+                    
+                    while(IsJSONDigit(Source, At))
+                    {
+                        ++At;
+                    }
+                }
+                
+                Result.Value.Count = At - Start;
+            } break;
+            
+            default:
+            {
+            } break;
+        }
+    }
+    
+    Parser->At = At;
+    
+    return Result;
+}
+
+static json_element *ParseJSONList(json_parser *Parser, json_token_type EndType, b32 HasLabels);
+static json_element *ParseJSONElement(json_parser *Parser, buffer Label, json_token Value)
+{
+    TimeFunction;
+    
+    b32 Valid = true;
+    
+    json_element *SubElement = 0;
+    if(Value.Type == Token_open_bracket)
+    {
+        SubElement = ParseJSONList(Parser, Token_close_bracket, false);
+    }
+    else if(Value.Type == Token_open_brace)
+    {
+        SubElement = ParseJSONList(Parser, Token_close_brace, true);
+    }
+    else if((Value.Type == Token_string_literal) ||
+            (Value.Type == Token_true) ||
+            (Value.Type == Token_false) ||
+            (Value.Type == Token_null) ||
+            (Value.Type == Token_number))
+    {
+        // NOTE(casey): Nothing to do here, since there is no additional data
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        Valid = false;
+    }
+    
+    json_element *Result = 0;
+    
+    if(Valid)
+    {
+        Result = (json_element *)malloc(sizeof(json_element));
+        Result->Label = Label;
+        Result->Value = Value.Value;
+        Result->FirstSubElement = SubElement;
+        Result->NextSibling = 0;
+    }
+    
+    return Result;
+}
+
+static json_element *ParseJSONList(json_parser *Parser, json_token_type EndType, b32 HasLabels)
+{
+    json_element *FirstElement = {};
+    json_element *LastElement = {};
+    
+    while(IsParsing(Parser))
+    {
+        buffer Label = {};
+        json_token Value = GetJSONToken(Parser);
+        if(HasLabels)
+        {
+            if(Value.Type == Token_string_literal)
+            {
+                Label = Value.Value;
+                
+                json_token Colon = GetJSONToken(Parser);
+                if(Colon.Type == Token_colon)
+                {
+                    Value = GetJSONToken(Parser);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    Error(Parser, Colon, "Expected colon after field name");
+                }
+            }
+            else if(Value.Type != EndType)
+            {
+                Error(Parser, Value, "Unexpected token in JSON");
+            }
+        }
+        
+        json_element *Element = ParseJSONElement(Parser, Label, Value);
+        if(Element)
+        {
+            LastElement = (LastElement ? LastElement->NextSibling : FirstElement) = Element;
+        }
+        else if(Value.Type == EndType)
+        {
+            break;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            Error(Parser, Value, "Unexpected token in JSON");
+        }
+        
+        json_token Comma = GetJSONToken(Parser);
+        if(Comma.Type == EndType)
+        {
+            break;
+        }
+        else if(Comma.Type != Token_comma)
+        {
+            Error(Parser, Comma, "Unexpected token in JSON");
+        }
+    }
+    
+    return FirstElement;
+}
+
+static json_element *ParseJSON(buffer InputJSON)
+{
+    json_parser Parser = {};
+    Parser.Source = InputJSON;
+    
+    json_element *Result = ParseJSONElement(&Parser, {}, GetJSONToken(&Parser));
+    return Result;
+}
+
+static void FreeJSON(json_element *Element)
+{
+    while(Element)
+    {
+        json_element *FreeElement = Element;
+        Element = Element->NextSibling;
+    
+        FreeJSON(FreeElement->FirstSubElement);
+        free(FreeElement);
+    }
+}
+
+static json_element *LookupElement(json_element *Object, buffer ElementName)
+{
+    json_element *Result = 0;
+    
+    if(Object)
+    {
+        for(json_element *Search = Object->FirstSubElement; Search; Search = Search->NextSibling)
+        {
+            if(AreEqual(Search->Label, ElementName))
+            {
+                Result = Search;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    
+    return Result;
+}
+
+static f64 ConvertJSONSign(buffer Source, u64 *AtResult)
+{
+    u64 At = *AtResult;
+
+    f64 Result = 1.0;
+    if(IsInBounds(Source, At) && (Source.Data[At] == '-'))
+    {
+        Result = -1.0;
+        ++At;
+    }
+    
+    *AtResult = At;
+
+    return Result;
+}
+
+static f64 ConvertJSONNumber(buffer Source, u64 *AtResult)
+{
+    u64 At = *AtResult;
+    
+    f64 Result = 0.0;
+    while(IsInBounds(Source, At))
+    {
+        u8 Char = Source.Data[At] - (u8)'0';
+        if(Char < 10)
+        {
+            Result = 10.0*Result + (f64)Char;
+            ++At;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    
+    *AtResult = At;
+    
+    return Result;
+}
+
+static f64 ConvertElementToF64(json_element *Object, buffer ElementName)
+{
+    f64 Result = 0.0;
+    
+    json_element *Element = LookupElement(Object, ElementName);
+    if(Element)
+    {
+        buffer Source = Element->Value;
+        u64 At = 0;
+        
+        f64 Sign = ConvertJSONSign(Source, &At);
+        f64 Number = ConvertJSONNumber(Source, &At);
+        
+        if(IsInBounds(Source, At) && (Source.Data[At] == '.'))
+        {
+            ++At;
+            f64 C = 1.0 / 10.0;
+            while(IsInBounds(Source, At))
+            {
+                u8 Char = Source.Data[At] - (u8)'0';
+                if(Char < 10)
+                {
+                    Number = Number + C*(f64)Char;
+                    C *= 1.0 / 10.0;
+                    ++At;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        
+        if(IsInBounds(Source, At) && ((Source.Data[At] == 'e') || (Source.Data[At] == 'E')))
+        {
+            ++At;
+            if(IsInBounds(Source, At) && (Source.Data[At] == '+'))
+            {
+                ++At;
+            }
+
+            f64 ExponentSign = ConvertJSONSign(Source, &At);
+            f64 Exponent = ExponentSign*ConvertJSONNumber(Source, &At);
+            Number *= pow(10.0, Exponent);
+        }
+        
+        Result = Sign*Number;
+    }
+    
+    return Result;
+}
+
+static u64 ParseHaversinePairs(buffer InputJSON, u64 MaxPairCount, haversine_pair *Pairs)
+{
+    TimeFunction;
+
+    u64 PairCount = 0;
+    
+    json_element *JSON = ParseJSON(InputJSON);
+    
+    json_element *PairsArray = LookupElement(JSON, CONSTANT_STRING("pairs"));
+    if(PairsArray)
+    {
+        TimeBlock("Lookup and Convert");
+        for(json_element *Element = PairsArray->FirstSubElement;
+            Element && (PairCount < MaxPairCount);
+            Element = Element->NextSibling)
+        {
+            haversine_pair *Pair = Pairs + PairCount++;
+            
+            Pair->X0 = ConvertElementToF64(Element, CONSTANT_STRING("x0"));
+            Pair->Y0 = ConvertElementToF64(Element, CONSTANT_STRING("y0"));
+            Pair->X1 = ConvertElementToF64(Element, CONSTANT_STRING("x1"));
+            Pair->Y1 = ConvertElementToF64(Element, CONSTANT_STRING("y1"));
+        }
+    }
+    
+    FreeJSON(JSON);
+    
+    return PairCount;
+}

part2/listing_0084_recursive_timed_haversine_main.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+/* ========================================================================
+
+   (C) Copyright 2023 by Molly Rocket, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
+   
+   This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+   warranty. In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+   arising from the use of this software.
+   
+   Please see https://computerenhance.com for more information
+   
+   ======================================================================== */
+
+/* ========================================================================
+   LISTING 84
+   ======================================================================== */
+
+/* NOTE(casey): _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS is here because otherwise we cannot
+   call fopen(). If we replace fopen() with fopen_s() to avoid the warning,
+   then the code doesn't compile on Linux anymore, since fopen_s() does not
+   exist there.
+   
+   What exactly the CRT maintainers were thinking when they made this choice,
+   I have no idea. */
+#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <math.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+
+typedef uint8_t u8;
+typedef uint32_t u32;
+typedef uint64_t u64;
+
+typedef int32_t b32;
+
+typedef float f32;
+typedef double f64;
+
+#define ArrayCount(Array) (sizeof(Array)/sizeof((Array)[0]))
+
+struct haversine_pair
+{
+    f64 X0, Y0;
+    f64 X1, Y1;
+};
+
+#include "listing_0081_nesting_profiler.cpp"
+#include "listing_0065_haversine_formula.cpp"
+#include "listing_0068_buffer.cpp"
+#include "listing_0083_recursive_timed_lookup_json_parser.cpp"
+
+static buffer ReadEntireFile(char *FileName)
+{
+    TimeFunction;
+    
+    buffer Result = {};
+        
+    FILE *File = fopen(FileName, "rb");
+    if(File)
+    {
+#if _WIN32
+        struct __stat64 Stat;
+        _stat64(FileName, &Stat);
+#else
+        struct stat Stat;
+        stat(FileName, &Stat);
+#endif
+        
+        Result = AllocateBuffer(Stat.st_size);
+        if(Result.Data)
+        {
+            if(fread(Result.Data, Result.Count, 1, File) != 1)
+            {
+                fprintf(stderr, "ERROR: Unable to read \"%s\".\n", FileName);
+                FreeBuffer(&Result);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        fprintf(stderr, "ERROR: Unable to open \"%s\".\n", FileName);
+    }
+    
+    return Result;
+}
+
+static f64 SumHaversineDistances(u64 PairCount, haversine_pair *Pairs)
+{
+    TimeFunction;
+    
+    f64 Sum = 0;
+    
+    f64 SumCoef = 1 / (f64)PairCount;
+    for(u64 PairIndex = 0; PairIndex < PairCount; ++PairIndex)
+    {
+        haversine_pair Pair = Pairs[PairIndex];
+        f64 EarthRadius = 6372.8;
+        f64 Dist = ReferenceHaversine(Pair.X0, Pair.Y0, Pair.X1, Pair.Y1, EarthRadius);
+        Sum += SumCoef*Dist;
+    }
+    
+    return Sum;
+}
+
+int main(int ArgCount, char **Args)
+{
+    BeginProfile();
+	
+    int Result = 1;
+    
+    if((ArgCount == 2) || (ArgCount == 3))
+    {
+        buffer InputJSON = ReadEntireFile(Args[1]);
+        
+        u32 MinimumJSONPairEncoding = 6*4;
+        u64 MaxPairCount = InputJSON.Count / MinimumJSONPairEncoding;
+        if(MaxPairCount)
+        {
+            buffer ParsedValues = AllocateBuffer(MaxPairCount * sizeof(haversine_pair));
+            if(ParsedValues.Count)
+            {
+                haversine_pair *Pairs = (haversine_pair *)ParsedValues.Data;
+				
+                u64 PairCount = ParseHaversinePairs(InputJSON, MaxPairCount, Pairs);
+                f64 Sum = SumHaversineDistances(PairCount, Pairs);
+                
+				Result = 0;
+
+                fprintf(stdout, "Input size: %llu\n", InputJSON.Count);
+                fprintf(stdout, "Pair count: %llu\n", PairCount);
+                fprintf(stdout, "Haversine sum: %.16f\n", Sum);
+                
+                if(ArgCount == 3)
+                {
+                    buffer AnswersF64 = ReadEntireFile(Args[2]);
+                    if(AnswersF64.Count >= sizeof(f64))
+                    {
+                        f64 *AnswerValues = (f64 *)AnswersF64.Data;
+                        
+                        fprintf(stdout, "\nValidation:\n");
+                        
+                        u64 RefAnswerCount = (AnswersF64.Count - sizeof(f64)) / sizeof(f64);
+                        if(PairCount != RefAnswerCount)
+                        {
+                            fprintf(stdout, "FAILED - pair count doesn't match %llu.\n", RefAnswerCount);
+                        }
+                        
+                        f64 RefSum = AnswerValues[RefAnswerCount];
+                        fprintf(stdout, "Reference sum: %.16f\n", RefSum);
+                        fprintf(stdout, "Difference: %.16f\n", Sum - RefSum);
+                        
+                        fprintf(stdout, "\n");
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            
+            FreeBuffer(&ParsedValues);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            fprintf(stderr, "ERROR: Malformed input JSON\n");
+        }
+
+        FreeBuffer(&InputJSON);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s [haversine_input.json]\n", Args[0]);
+        fprintf(stderr, "       %s [haversine_input.json] [answers.f64]\n", Args[0]);
+    }
+
+    if(Result == 0)
+	{
+        EndAndPrintProfile();
+	}
+		
+    return Result;
+}
+
+static_assert(__COUNTER__ < ArrayCount(profiler::Anchors), "Number of profile points exceeds size of profiler::Anchors array");

part2/listing_0085_recursive_profiler.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+/* ========================================================================
+
+   (C) Copyright 2023 by Molly Rocket, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
+   
+   This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+   warranty. In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+   arising from the use of this software.
+   
+   Please see https://computerenhance.com for more information
+   
+   ======================================================================== */
+
+/* ========================================================================
+   LISTING 85
+   ======================================================================== */
+
+#include "listing_0074_platform_metrics.cpp"
+
+struct profile_anchor
+{
+    u64 TSCElapsed;
+    u64 TSCElapsedChildren;
+    u64 TSCElapsedAtRoot;
+    u64 HitCount;
+    char const *Label;
+};
+
+struct profiler
+{
+    profile_anchor Anchors[4096];
+    
+    u64 StartTSC;
+    u64 EndTSC;
+};
+static profiler GlobalProfiler;
+static u32 GlobalProfilerParent;
+
+struct profile_block
+{
+    profile_block(char const *Label_, u32 AnchorIndex_)
+    {
+        ParentIndex = GlobalProfilerParent;
+        
+        AnchorIndex = AnchorIndex_;
+        Label = Label_;
+        
+        profile_anchor *Anchor = GlobalProfiler.Anchors + AnchorIndex;
+        OldTSCElapsedAtRoot = Anchor->TSCElapsedAtRoot;
+        
+        GlobalProfilerParent = AnchorIndex;
+        StartTSC = ReadCPUTimer();
+    }
+    
+    ~profile_block(void)
+    {
+        u64 Elapsed = ReadCPUTimer() - StartTSC;
+        GlobalProfilerParent = ParentIndex;
+    
+        profile_anchor *Parent = GlobalProfiler.Anchors + ParentIndex;
+        profile_anchor *Anchor = GlobalProfiler.Anchors + AnchorIndex;
+        
+        Parent->TSCElapsedChildren += Elapsed;
+        Anchor->TSCElapsedAtRoot = OldTSCElapsedAtRoot + Elapsed;
+        Anchor->TSCElapsed += Elapsed;
+        ++Anchor->HitCount;
+        
+        /* NOTE(casey): This write happens every time solely because there is no
+           straightforward way in C++ to have the same ease-of-use. In a better programming
+           language, it would be simple to have the anchor points gathered and labeled at compile
+           time, and this repetative write would be eliminated. */
+        Anchor->Label = Label;
+    }
+    
+    char const *Label;
+    u64 OldTSCElapsedAtRoot;
+    u64 StartTSC;
+    u32 ParentIndex;
+    u32 AnchorIndex;
+};
+
+#define NameConcat2(A, B) A##B
+#define NameConcat(A, B) NameConcat2(A, B)
+#define TimeBlock(Name) profile_block NameConcat(Block, __LINE__)(Name, __COUNTER__ + 1);
+#define TimeFunction TimeBlock(__func__)
+
+static void PrintTimeElapsed(u64 TotalTSCElapsed, profile_anchor *Anchor)
+{
+    u64 TSCElapsedSelf = Anchor->TSCElapsed - Anchor->TSCElapsedChildren;
+    f64 Percent = 100.0 * ((f64)TSCElapsedSelf / (f64)TotalTSCElapsed);
+    printf("  %s[%llu]: %llu (%.2f%%", Anchor->Label, Anchor->HitCount, TSCElapsedSelf, Percent);
+    if(Anchor->TSCElapsedAtRoot != TSCElapsedSelf)
+    {
+        f64 PercentWithChildren = 100.0 * ((f64)Anchor->TSCElapsedAtRoot / (f64)TotalTSCElapsed);
+        printf(", %.2f%% w/children", PercentWithChildren);
+    }
+    printf(")\n");
+}
+
+static void BeginProfile(void)
+{
+    GlobalProfiler.StartTSC = ReadCPUTimer();
+}
+
+static void EndAndPrintProfile()
+{
+    GlobalProfiler.EndTSC = ReadCPUTimer();
+    u64 CPUFreq = EstimateCPUTimerFreq();
+    
+    u64 TotalCPUElapsed = GlobalProfiler.EndTSC - GlobalProfiler.StartTSC;
+    
+    if(CPUFreq)
+    {
+        printf("\nTotal time: %0.4fms (CPU freq %llu)\n", 1000.0 * (f64)TotalCPUElapsed / (f64)CPUFreq, CPUFreq);
+    }
+    
+    for(u32 AnchorIndex = 0; AnchorIndex < ArrayCount(GlobalProfiler.Anchors); ++AnchorIndex)
+    {
+        profile_anchor *Anchor = GlobalProfiler.Anchors + AnchorIndex;
+        if(Anchor->TSCElapsed)
+        {
+            PrintTimeElapsed(TotalCPUElapsed, Anchor);
+        }
+    }
+}
+        

part2/listing_0086_recursive_haversine_main.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+/* ========================================================================
+
+   (C) Copyright 2023 by Molly Rocket, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
+   
+   This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+   warranty. In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+   arising from the use of this software.
+   
+   Please see https://computerenhance.com for more information
+   
+   ======================================================================== */
+
+/* ========================================================================
+   LISTING 86
+   ======================================================================== */
+
+/* NOTE(casey): _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS is here because otherwise we cannot
+   call fopen(). If we replace fopen() with fopen_s() to avoid the warning,
+   then the code doesn't compile on Linux anymore, since fopen_s() does not
+   exist there.
+   
+   What exactly the CRT maintainers were thinking when they made this choice,
+   I have no idea. */
+#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <math.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+
+typedef uint8_t u8;
+typedef uint32_t u32;
+typedef uint64_t u64;
+
+typedef int32_t b32;
+
+typedef float f32;
+typedef double f64;
+
+#define ArrayCount(Array) (sizeof(Array)/sizeof((Array)[0]))
+
+struct haversine_pair
+{
+    f64 X0, Y0;
+    f64 X1, Y1;
+};
+
+#include "listing_0085_recursive_profiler.cpp"
+#include "listing_0065_haversine_formula.cpp"
+#include "listing_0068_buffer.cpp"
+#include "listing_0083_recursive_timed_lookup_json_parser.cpp"
+
+static buffer ReadEntireFile(char *FileName)
+{
+    TimeFunction;
+    
+    buffer Result = {};
+        
+    FILE *File = fopen(FileName, "rb");
+    if(File)
+    {
+#if _WIN32
+        struct __stat64 Stat;
+        _stat64(FileName, &Stat);
+#else
+        struct stat Stat;
+        stat(FileName, &Stat);
+#endif
+        
+        Result = AllocateBuffer(Stat.st_size);
+        if(Result.Data)
+        {
+            if(fread(Result.Data, Result.Count, 1, File) != 1)
+            {
+                fprintf(stderr, "ERROR: Unable to read \"%s\".\n", FileName);
+                FreeBuffer(&Result);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        fprintf(stderr, "ERROR: Unable to open \"%s\".\n", FileName);
+    }
+    
+    return Result;
+}
+
+static f64 SumHaversineDistances(u64 PairCount, haversine_pair *Pairs)
+{
+    TimeFunction;
+    
+    f64 Sum = 0;
+    
+    f64 SumCoef = 1 / (f64)PairCount;
+    for(u64 PairIndex = 0; PairIndex < PairCount; ++PairIndex)
+    {
+        haversine_pair Pair = Pairs[PairIndex];
+        f64 EarthRadius = 6372.8;
+        f64 Dist = ReferenceHaversine(Pair.X0, Pair.Y0, Pair.X1, Pair.Y1, EarthRadius);
+        Sum += SumCoef*Dist;
+    }
+    
+    return Sum;
+}
+
+int main(int ArgCount, char **Args)
+{
+    BeginProfile();
+	
+    int Result = 1;
+    
+    if((ArgCount == 2) || (ArgCount == 3))
+    {
+        buffer InputJSON = ReadEntireFile(Args[1]);
+        
+        u32 MinimumJSONPairEncoding = 6*4;
+        u64 MaxPairCount = InputJSON.Count / MinimumJSONPairEncoding;
+        if(MaxPairCount)
+        {
+            buffer ParsedValues = AllocateBuffer(MaxPairCount * sizeof(haversine_pair));
+            if(ParsedValues.Count)
+            {
+                haversine_pair *Pairs = (haversine_pair *)ParsedValues.Data;
+				
+                u64 PairCount = ParseHaversinePairs(InputJSON, MaxPairCount, Pairs);
+                f64 Sum = SumHaversineDistances(PairCount, Pairs);
+                
+				Result = 0;
+
+                fprintf(stdout, "Input size: %llu\n", InputJSON.Count);
+                fprintf(stdout, "Pair count: %llu\n", PairCount);
+                fprintf(stdout, "Haversine sum: %.16f\n", Sum);
+                
+                if(ArgCount == 3)
+                {
+                    buffer AnswersF64 = ReadEntireFile(Args[2]);
+                    if(AnswersF64.Count >= sizeof(f64))
+                    {
+                        f64 *AnswerValues = (f64 *)AnswersF64.Data;
+                        
+                        fprintf(stdout, "\nValidation:\n");
+                        
+                        u64 RefAnswerCount = (AnswersF64.Count - sizeof(f64)) / sizeof(f64);
+                        if(PairCount != RefAnswerCount)
+                        {
+                            fprintf(stdout, "FAILED - pair count doesn't match %llu.\n", RefAnswerCount);
+                        }
+                        
+                        f64 RefSum = AnswerValues[RefAnswerCount];
+                        fprintf(stdout, "Reference sum: %.16f\n", RefSum);
+                        fprintf(stdout, "Difference: %.16f\n", Sum - RefSum);
+                        
+                        fprintf(stdout, "\n");
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            
+            FreeBuffer(&ParsedValues);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            fprintf(stderr, "ERROR: Malformed input JSON\n");
+        }
+
+        FreeBuffer(&InputJSON);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s [haversine_input.json]\n", Args[0]);
+        fprintf(stderr, "       %s [haversine_input.json] [answers.f64]\n", Args[0]);
+    }
+
+    if(Result == 0)
+	{
+        EndAndPrintProfile();
+	}
+		
+    return Result;
+}
+
+static_assert(__COUNTER__ < ArrayCount(profiler::Anchors), "Number of profile points exceeds size of profiler::Anchors array");

part2/listing_0087_simplified_profiler.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+/* ========================================================================
+
+   (C) Copyright 2023 by Molly Rocket, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
+   
+   This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+   warranty. In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+   arising from the use of this software.
+   
+   Please see https://computerenhance.com for more information
+   
+   ======================================================================== */
+
+/* ========================================================================
+   LISTING 87
+   ======================================================================== */
+
+#include "listing_0074_platform_metrics.cpp"
+
+struct profile_anchor
+{
+    u64 TSCElapsedExclusive; // NOTE(casey): Does NOT include children
+    u64 TSCElapsedInclusive; // NOTE(casey): DOES include children
+    u64 HitCount;
+    char const *Label;
+};
+
+struct profiler
+{
+    profile_anchor Anchors[4096];
+    
+    u64 StartTSC;
+    u64 EndTSC;
+};
+static profiler GlobalProfiler;
+static u32 GlobalProfilerParent;
+
+struct profile_block
+{
+    profile_block(char const *Label_, u32 AnchorIndex_)
+    {
+        ParentIndex = GlobalProfilerParent;
+        
+        AnchorIndex = AnchorIndex_;
+        Label = Label_;
+
+        profile_anchor *Anchor = GlobalProfiler.Anchors + AnchorIndex;
+        OldTSCElapsedInclusive = Anchor->TSCElapsedInclusive;
+        
+        GlobalProfilerParent = AnchorIndex;
+        StartTSC = ReadCPUTimer();
+    }
+    
+    ~profile_block(void)
+    {
+        u64 Elapsed = ReadCPUTimer() - StartTSC;
+        GlobalProfilerParent = ParentIndex;
+    
+        profile_anchor *Parent = GlobalProfiler.Anchors + ParentIndex;
+        profile_anchor *Anchor = GlobalProfiler.Anchors + AnchorIndex;
+        
+        Parent->TSCElapsedExclusive -= Elapsed;
+        Anchor->TSCElapsedExclusive += Elapsed;
+        Anchor->TSCElapsedInclusive = OldTSCElapsedInclusive + Elapsed;
+        ++Anchor->HitCount;
+        
+        /* NOTE(casey): This write happens every time solely because there is no
+           straightforward way in C++ to have the same ease-of-use. In a better programming
+           language, it would be simple to have the anchor points gathered and labeled at compile
+           time, and this repetative write would be eliminated. */
+        Anchor->Label = Label;
+    }
+    
+    char const *Label;
+    u64 OldTSCElapsedInclusive;
+    u64 StartTSC;
+    u32 ParentIndex;
+    u32 AnchorIndex;
+};
+
+#define NameConcat2(A, B) A##B
+#define NameConcat(A, B) NameConcat2(A, B)
+#define TimeBlock(Name) profile_block NameConcat(Block, __LINE__)(Name, __COUNTER__ + 1);
+#define TimeFunction TimeBlock(__func__)
+
+static void PrintTimeElapsed(u64 TotalTSCElapsed, profile_anchor *Anchor)
+{
+    f64 Percent = 100.0 * ((f64)Anchor->TSCElapsedExclusive / (f64)TotalTSCElapsed);
+    printf("  %s[%llu]: %llu (%.2f%%", Anchor->Label, Anchor->HitCount, Anchor->TSCElapsedExclusive, Percent);
+    if(Anchor->TSCElapsedInclusive != Anchor->TSCElapsedExclusive)
+    {
+        f64 PercentWithChildren = 100.0 * ((f64)Anchor->TSCElapsedInclusive / (f64)TotalTSCElapsed);
+        printf(", %.2f%% w/children", PercentWithChildren);
+    }
+    printf(")\n");
+}
+
+static void BeginProfile(void)
+{
+    GlobalProfiler.StartTSC = ReadCPUTimer();
+}
+
+static void EndAndPrintProfile()
+{
+    GlobalProfiler.EndTSC = ReadCPUTimer();
+    u64 CPUFreq = EstimateCPUTimerFreq();
+    
+    u64 TotalCPUElapsed = GlobalProfiler.EndTSC - GlobalProfiler.StartTSC;
+    
+    if(CPUFreq)
+    {
+        printf("\nTotal time: %0.4fms (CPU freq %llu)\n", 1000.0 * (f64)TotalCPUElapsed / (f64)CPUFreq, CPUFreq);
+    }
+    
+    for(u32 AnchorIndex = 0; AnchorIndex < ArrayCount(GlobalProfiler.Anchors); ++AnchorIndex)
+    {
+        profile_anchor *Anchor = GlobalProfiler.Anchors + AnchorIndex;
+        if(Anchor->TSCElapsedInclusive)
+        {
+            PrintTimeElapsed(TotalCPUElapsed, Anchor);
+        }
+    }
+}
+        

part2/listing_0088_simplified_haversine_main.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+/* ========================================================================
+
+   (C) Copyright 2023 by Molly Rocket, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
+   
+   This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+   warranty. In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+   arising from the use of this software.
+   
+   Please see https://computerenhance.com for more information
+   
+   ======================================================================== */
+
+/* ========================================================================
+   LISTING 88
+   ======================================================================== */
+
+/* NOTE(casey): _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS is here because otherwise we cannot
+   call fopen(). If we replace fopen() with fopen_s() to avoid the warning,
+   then the code doesn't compile on Linux anymore, since fopen_s() does not
+   exist there.
+   
+   What exactly the CRT maintainers were thinking when they made this choice,
+   I have no idea. */
+#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <math.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+
+typedef uint8_t u8;
+typedef uint32_t u32;
+typedef uint64_t u64;
+
+typedef int32_t b32;
+
+typedef float f32;
+typedef double f64;
+
+#define ArrayCount(Array) (sizeof(Array)/sizeof((Array)[0]))
+
+struct haversine_pair
+{
+    f64 X0, Y0;
+    f64 X1, Y1;
+};
+
+#include "listing_0087_simplified_profiler.cpp"
+#include "listing_0065_haversine_formula.cpp"
+#include "listing_0068_buffer.cpp"
+#include "listing_0083_recursive_timed_lookup_json_parser.cpp"
+
+static buffer ReadEntireFile(char *FileName)
+{
+    TimeFunction;
+    
+    buffer Result = {};
+        
+    FILE *File = fopen(FileName, "rb");
+    if(File)
+    {
+#if _WIN32
+        struct __stat64 Stat;
+        _stat64(FileName, &Stat);
+#else
+        struct stat Stat;
+        stat(FileName, &Stat);
+#endif
+        
+        Result = AllocateBuffer(Stat.st_size);
+        if(Result.Data)
+        {
+            if(fread(Result.Data, Result.Count, 1, File) != 1)
+            {
+                fprintf(stderr, "ERROR: Unable to read \"%s\".\n", FileName);
+                FreeBuffer(&Result);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        fprintf(stderr, "ERROR: Unable to open \"%s\".\n", FileName);
+    }
+    
+    return Result;
+}
+
+static f64 SumHaversineDistances(u64 PairCount, haversine_pair *Pairs)
+{
+    TimeFunction;
+    
+    f64 Sum = 0;
+    
+    f64 SumCoef = 1 / (f64)PairCount;
+    for(u64 PairIndex = 0; PairIndex < PairCount; ++PairIndex)
+    {
+        haversine_pair Pair = Pairs[PairIndex];
+        f64 EarthRadius = 6372.8;
+        f64 Dist = ReferenceHaversine(Pair.X0, Pair.Y0, Pair.X1, Pair.Y1, EarthRadius);
+        Sum += SumCoef*Dist;
+    }
+    
+    return Sum;
+}
+
+int main(int ArgCount, char **Args)
+{
+    BeginProfile();
+	
+    int Result = 1;
+    
+    if((ArgCount == 2) || (ArgCount == 3))
+    {
+        buffer InputJSON = ReadEntireFile(Args[1]);
+        
+        u32 MinimumJSONPairEncoding = 6*4;
+        u64 MaxPairCount = InputJSON.Count / MinimumJSONPairEncoding;
+        if(MaxPairCount)
+        {
+            buffer ParsedValues = AllocateBuffer(MaxPairCount * sizeof(haversine_pair));
+            if(ParsedValues.Count)
+            {
+                haversine_pair *Pairs = (haversine_pair *)ParsedValues.Data;
+				
+                u64 PairCount = ParseHaversinePairs(InputJSON, MaxPairCount, Pairs);
+                f64 Sum = SumHaversineDistances(PairCount, Pairs);
+                
+				Result = 0;
+
+                fprintf(stdout, "Input size: %llu\n", InputJSON.Count);
+                fprintf(stdout, "Pair count: %llu\n", PairCount);
+                fprintf(stdout, "Haversine sum: %.16f\n", Sum);
+                
+                if(ArgCount == 3)
+                {
+                    buffer AnswersF64 = ReadEntireFile(Args[2]);
+                    if(AnswersF64.Count >= sizeof(f64))
+                    {
+                        f64 *AnswerValues = (f64 *)AnswersF64.Data;
+                        
+                        fprintf(stdout, "\nValidation:\n");
+                        
+                        u64 RefAnswerCount = (AnswersF64.Count - sizeof(f64)) / sizeof(f64);
+                        if(PairCount != RefAnswerCount)
+                        {
+                            fprintf(stdout, "FAILED - pair count doesn't match %llu.\n", RefAnswerCount);
+                        }
+                        
+                        f64 RefSum = AnswerValues[RefAnswerCount];
+                        fprintf(stdout, "Reference sum: %.16f\n", RefSum);
+                        fprintf(stdout, "Difference: %.16f\n", Sum - RefSum);
+                        
+                        fprintf(stdout, "\n");
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            
+            FreeBuffer(&ParsedValues);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            fprintf(stderr, "ERROR: Malformed input JSON\n");
+        }
+
+        FreeBuffer(&InputJSON);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s [haversine_input.json]\n", Args[0]);
+        fprintf(stderr, "       %s [haversine_input.json] [answers.f64]\n", Args[0]);
+    }
+
+    if(Result == 0)
+	{
+        EndAndPrintProfile();
+	}
+		
+    return Result;
+}
+
+static_assert(__COUNTER__ < ArrayCount(profiler::Anchors), "Number of profile points exceeds size of profiler::Anchors array");